The Preparation and Physicochemical Analysis of Local Black Soap from Coconut Oil and Plantain Peel Biochar

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 177 - 184, 28.02.2023

Mary Otuosorochukwu Nnyia Abiodun Oladipo Ebube Victoria Anyaebosim Onome Ejeromedoghene

https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1141351

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Local black soap, produced from coconut oil and plantain peel biochar (alkaline source) was presented in this study since the agricultural raw materials gain significance in environmentally benign feedstocks for saponification reactions. The physicochemical analysis of the coconut oil and plantain peel biochar shows remarkable free fatty acid (FFA) and alkalinity contents respectively suitable for soap making. The physicochemical properties of the as-prepared local black soap demonstrated a good moisture content (15.1 %) showing that it can be stored for long periods without any water-associated deteriorations. The percentage of matter insoluble in water (4.4 %), matter insoluble in alcohol (12.3 %), FFA content (2.1 %), and pH (9) were found to be higher than the acceptable limit according to the Nigerian Industry Standards (NIS). Also, the total fatty matter (TFM) was higher (67.6 %) than the minimum acceptable level with a good foam height of 2.5 cm. The overall results show good soap properties and are suitable for domestic purposes.

Keywords

Local black soap, plantain peel, coconut oil, Agricultural feedstocks

References

• 1. Oluseun Adejumo I, Adebukola Adebiyi O. Agricultural Solid Wastes: Causes, Effects, and Effective Management. In: M. Saleh H, editor. Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management [Internet]. IntechOpen; 2021 [cited 2023 Feb 4].
• 2. Santolini E, Bovo M, Barbaresi A, Torreggiani D, Tassinari P. Turning Agricultural Wastes into Biomaterials: Assessing the Sustainability of Scenarios of Circular Valorization of Corn Cob in a Life-Cycle Perspective. Applied Sciences. 2021 Jul 7;11(14):6281.
• 3. Durga ML, Gangil S, Bhargav VK. Conversion of agricultural waste to valuable carbonaceous material: Brief review. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2022;56:1290–7.
• 4. Arumugam N, Biely P, Puchart V, Singh S, Pillai S. Structure of peanut shell xylan and its conversion to oligosaccharides. Process Biochemistry. 2018 Sep;72:124–9.
• 5. Adhikari B, Dhungana SK, Waqas Ali M, Adhikari A, Kim ID, Shin DH. Antioxidant activities, polyphenol, flavonoid, and amino acid contents in peanut shell. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 2019 Oct;18(4):437–42.
• 6. Jannat N, Hussien A, Abdullah B, Cotgrave A. Application of agro and non-agro waste materials for unfired earth blocks construction: A review. Construction and Building Materials. 2020 Sep;254:119346.
• 7. Yu H, Cao Y, Li H, Zhao G, Zhang X, Cheng S, et al. An efficient heterogeneous acid catalyst derived from waste ginger straw for biodiesel production. Renewable Energy. 2021 Oct;176:533–42.
• 8. Jose S, Pandit P, Pandey R. Chickpea husk – A potential agro waste for coloration and functional finishing of textiles. Industrial Crops and Products. 2019 Dec;142:111833.
• 9. Alharbi KL, Raman J, Shin HJ. Date Fruit and Seed in Nutricosmetics. Cosmetics. 2021 Jun 24;8(3):59.
• 10. Ogunbiyi A, Enechukwu NA. African black soap: Physiochemical, phytochemical properties, and uses. Dermatologic Therapy [Internet]. 2021 May [cited 2023 Feb 4];34(3).
• 11. Rambabu K, Edathil AA, Nirmala GS, Hasan SW, Yousef AF, Show PL, et al. Date-fruit syrup waste extract as a natural additive for soap production with enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Environmental Technology & Innovation. 2020 Nov;20:101153.
• 12. Sani MU, Muhammad AK. Assessment of phytochemical and mineral composition of unripe and ripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) peels. Afr J Food Sci. 2021 Mar 31;15(3):107–12.
• 13. Bassey EE, Gwana MA, Mu’azu AKN, Modu GU. Qualitative phytochemicals screening and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of coconut oil extract on some selected bacteria and fungi. World J Adv Res Rev. 2019 Apr 30;1(3):001–13.
• 14. Ajongbolo K. Chemical Properties of Local Black Soap Produced from Cocoa Pod Ash and Palm Oil Waste. IJTSRD. 2020;4(6):713–5.
• 15. Tacin MV, Massi FP, Fungaro MHP, Teixeira MFS, de Paula AV, de Carvalho Santos-Ebinuma V. Biotechnological valorization of oils from agro-industrial wastes to produce lipase using Aspergillus sp. from Amazon. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2019 Jan;17:369–78.
• 16. Adebomi AI, Oladipupo OA, Mary AO. The African black soap from Elaeis guineensis (Palm kernel oil) and Theobroma cacao (Cocoa) and its transition metal complexes. Afr J Biotechnol. 2017 May 3;16(18):1042–7.
• 17. Adeyinka OM, Olukemi AR, Farombi AG. Physiochemical Properties of African Back Soap, and It’s Comparison with Industrial Black Soap. Am J Chem. 2014;2014(1):35–7.
• 18. Edah AO, Nnoli CB, Wetkum DF. Physicochemical Properties and Anti-Microbial Activity of Local Black Soap and its Comparison with Ghana Soap with Respect to Nigerian Industrial Standard. ARJC. 2017;1(1):30–6.
• 19. Idoko O, Emmanuel SA, Salau AA, Obigwa PA. Quality assessment on some soaps sold in Nigeria. Nig J Tech. 2018 Nov 15;37(4):1137.
• 20. Taiwo A, Oluwadare I, Shobo A, Amolegbe S. Extraction and potential application of caustic potash from kolanut husk, ugwu pod husk and plantain peels. Scientific Research and Essay. 2008;3(10):515–7.
• 21. Aderibigbe AD, Ogunlalu OU, Oluwasina OO, Amoo IA. Adsorption Studies of Pb2+ From Aqueous Solutions Using Unmodified and Citric Acid – Modified Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) Peels. IOSR JAC. 2017 Mar;10(2):30–9.
• 22. Agama-Acevedo E, Sañudo-Barajas JA, Vélez De La Rocha R, González-Aguilar GA, Bello-Peréz LA. Potential of plantain peels flour ( Musa paradisiaca L.) as a source of dietary fiber and antioxidant compound. CyTA - Journal of Food. 2016 Jan 2;14(1):117–23.
• 23. Zango ZU. Cationic dyes removal using low-cost banana peel biosorbent. American Journal of Materials Science. 2018;8(2):32–8.
• 24. Etim A, Betiku E, Ajala S, Olaniyi P, Ojumu T. Potential of Ripe Plantain Fruit Peels as an Ecofriendly Catalyst for Biodiesel Synthesis: Optimization by Artificial Neural Network Integrated with Genetic Algorithm. Sustainability. 2018 Mar 6;10(3):707.
• 25. Martins J, Santos J, da Conceicao M. Comparative Study of Physico-Chemical Properties of Coconut Oil (Cocos nucifera L.) Obtained by Industrial and Artisanal Processes. Biotechnol Ind J. 2020;16(3):210.
• 26. Vivian OP, Nathan O, Osano A, Mesopirr L, Omwoyo WN. Assessment of the physicochemical properties of selected commercial soaps manufactured and sold in Kenya. Open J Appl Sci. 2014;4(8):433–40.
• 27. Oyekunle JAO, Ore OT, Ogunjumelo OH, Akanni MS. Comparative chemical analysis of Indigenous Nigerian soaps with conventional ones. Heliyon. 2021 Apr;7(4):e06689.
• 28. Hayati SN, Rosyida VT, Darsih C, Nisa K, Indrianingsih AW, Apriyana W, et al. Physicochemical properties, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of ganoderma transparent soap. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 2020 Mar 1;462(1):012047.
• 29. Warra AA. A report on soap making in Nigeria using indigenous technology and raw materials. Afr J Pure Appl Chem. 2013 Apr 30;7(4):139–45.
• 30. Issa M, Isaac I, Matthew O, Shalangwa B, Sunday M. Physicochemical analysis for quality and safety of some selected animal soaps compared to human soaps in plateau state, Nigeria. IOSR J Appl Chem. 2020;13(3):25–8.