Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 303 - 314, 31.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1116034

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. Oparaocha E, Iroegbu O, Obi R, others. Assessment of quality of drinking water sources in the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo state, Nigeria. J Appl Biosci. 2010;32:1964–76.
  • 2. Edema M, Atayese A, Bankole M. Pure water syndrome: Bacteriological quality of Sachet- packed drinking water sold in Nigeria. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development [Internet]. 2011 Apr 29 [cited 2023 Mar 11];11(1).
  • 3. Adegoke O, Bamigbowu E, Oni E, Ugbaja K. Microbiological examination of sachet water sold in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. Global Research Journal of Microbiology. 2012;2(1):62–6.
  • 4. Hoekstra AY, Chapagain AK. Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern. Water Resour Manage. 2006 Dec 27;21(1):35–48.
  • 5. Khatri N, Tyagi S. Influences of natural and anthropogenic factors on surface and groundwater quality in rural and urban areas. Frontiers in Life Science. 2015 Jan 2;8(1):23–39.
  • 6. Singh S, Mosley LM. Trace metal levels in drinking water on Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. S Pac J Nat App Sci. 2003;21(1):31.
  • 7. Sharma S, Bhattacharya A. Drinking water contamination and treatment techniques. Appl Water Sci. 2017 Jun;7(3):1043–67.
  • 8. Kim KH, Jahan SA, Kabir E, Brown RJC. A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects. Environment International. 2013 Oct;60:71–80.
  • 9. Lin L, Yang H, Xu X. Effects of Water Pollution on Human Health and Disease Heterogeneity: A Review. Front Environ Sci. 2022 Jun 30;10:880246.
  • 10. WHO/UNICEF. World Health Organization/United Nations children’s fund (WHO/UNICEF). Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines. 2017 [Internet]. Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines. 2017 [cited 2021 Dec 14].
  • 11. Pal M, Ayele Y, Hadush M, Panigrahi S, Jadhav V. Public health hazards due to unsafe drinking water. Air Water Borne Dis. 2018;7(1000138):2.
  • 12. Haack SK, Fogarty LR, Wright C. Escherichia coli and Enterococci at Beaches in the Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan: Sources, Characteristics, and Environmental Pathways. Environ Sci Technol. 2003 Aug 1;37(15):3275–82.
  • 13. Love MR. Production and Vendor Practices that Compromise the Quality of “Sachet” Water in the Central Region, Ghana. IJSTS. 2013;1(3):64.
  • 14. Dafae F, Bopp C, Kargbo D, Stroika S, Kamara A, Ayers T, et al. Cholera Epidemic Associated with Consumption of Unsafe Drinking Water and Street-Vended Water—Eastern Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2012. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2014 Mar 5;90(3):518–23.
  • 15. Emenike PC, Tenebe TI, Omeje M, Osinubi DS. Health risk assessment of heavy metal variability in sachet water sold in Ado-Odo Ota, South-Western Nigeria. Environ Monit Assess. 2017 Sep;189(9):480.
  • 16. Manjaya, Tilley, Marks. Informally Vended Sachet Water: Handling Practices and Microbial Water Quality. Water. 2019 Apr 17;11(4):800.
  • 17. Yusuff AS, John W, Oloruntoba AC. Review on prevalence of waterborne diseases in Nigeria. Journal of Advancement in Medical and life sciences. 2014;1(2):1–3.
  • 18. Nwabor OF, Nnamonu E, Martins P, Ani O. Water and waterborne diseases: a review. Int J Trop Dis Health. 2016;12(4):1–14.
  • 19. Quah SR, editor. International encyclopedia of public health. Second edition. Kidlington, Oxford: Elsevier; 2017. ISBN: 978-0-12-803708-9.
  • 20. Daud MK, Nafees M, Ali S, Rizwan M, Bajwa RA, Shakoor MB, et al. Drinking Water Quality Status and Contamination in Pakistan. BioMed Research International. 2017;2017:1–18.
  • 21. Wright J, Dzodzomenyo M, Wardrop N, Johnston R, Hill A, Aryeetey G, et al. Effects of Sachet Water Consumption on Exposure to Microbe-Contaminated Drinking Water: Household Survey Evidence from Ghana. IJERPH. 2016 Mar 9;13(3):303.
  • 22. Ajala OJ, Ighalo JO, Adeniyi AG, Ogunniyi S, Adeyanju CA. Contamination issues in sachet and bottled water in Nigeria: a mini-review. Sustain Water Resour Manag. 2020 Dec;6(6):112.
  • 23. Clesceri LS, Greenberg AE, Eaton AD. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Edition [Internet]. APHA American Public Health Association; 1998.
  • 24. Oyekunle JAO, Yussuf NA, Durodola SS, Adekunle AS, Adenuga AA, Ayinuola O, et al. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and potentially toxic metals in commonly consumed beef sausage roll products in Nigeria. Heliyon. 2019 Aug;5(8):e02345.
  • 25. Means B. Risk-assessment guidance for Superfund. Volume 1. Human Health Evaluation Manual. Part A. Interim report (Final). 1989 Dec;
  • 26. Mundy P, Bascietto J. Risk-assessment guidance for Superfund. Volume 2. Environmental evaluation manual. Interim report (Final). 1989 Mar;
  • 27. USEPA. Drinking Water Requirements for States and Public Water Systems [Internet]. United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA); 2011 [cited 2022 Jan 24].
  • 28. UNC. Updated Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment [Internet]. United Nuclear Corporation (UNC); 2011.
  • 29. Orosun MM, Adewuyi AD, Salawu NB, Isinkaye MO, Orosun OR, Oniku AS. Monte Carlo approach to risks assessment of heavy metals at automobile spare part and recycling market in Ilorin, Nigeria. Sci Rep. 2020 Dec 16;10(1):22084.
  • 30. Orosun MM. Assessment of arsenic and its associated health risks due to mining activities in parts of North-central Nigeria: Probabilistic approach using Monte Carlo. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2021 Jun;412:125262.
  • 31. Singh A, Maichle R, Singh AK, Lee SE, Armbya N. ProUCL Version 4.00.02 User Guide [Internet]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2007.
  • 32. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) [Internet]. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR); 2007.
  • 33. USEPA. Guidance for Characterizing Background Chemicals in Soil at Superfund  Sites [Internet]. United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA); 2001.
  • 34. Rinklebe J, Antoniadis V, Shaheen SM, Rosche O, Altermann M. Health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in soils along the Central Elbe River, Germany. Environment International. 2019 May;126:76–88.
  • 35. Isinkaye OM. Distribution and Multivariate Pollution Risks Assessment of Heavy Metals and Natural Radionuclides Around Abandoned Iron-Ore Mines in North Central Nigeria. Earth Syst Environ. 2018 Oct;2(2):331–43.
  • 36. Lawson SD, Ibiene AA, Amadi V, Enyinnaya SO, Nnodim LC, Uzah GA. Assessment of Physicochemical and Microbiological Quality of Table Water Sold in School Campuses of the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. JAMB. 2021 Jan 11;22–33.
  • 37. E. I. U, W. R. B, A. S. Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analyses of Sachets Water Samples in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. IOSRJAC. 2014;6(6):52–6.
  • 38. Duru CE, Amadi US, Enyoh CE. Storage and its effect on chemical quality indicators in sachet water brands sold in Owerri Municipal, Imo State, Nigeria. World news of natural sciences. 2017;12.
  • 39. World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality [electronic resource]: incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda,Vol.1, recommendations [Internet]. 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008 [cited 2023 Mar 11].
  • 40. Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality. Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality [Internet]. STANDARDS ORGANISATION OF NIGERIA; 2015.
  • 41. World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum [Internet]. 4th ed + 1st add. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 [cited 2023 Mar 11]. 541 p.
  • 42. Anake W, Siyanbola T, Ehi-Eromosele C, Edobor-Osoh A, Adeniyi I, Taiwo O. Physico-chemical and microbial assessment of different water sources in Ota, Ogun state, Nigeria. International Journal of Current Research. 2013;5(7):1797–801.
  • 43. Sheshe M, Magashi A. Assessment of physicochemical quality of sachet water produced in selected local government areas of Kano Metropolis, Kano State - Nigeria. Bayero J Pure App Sci. 2015 Jan 14;7(2):31.
  • 44. Chinedu SN, Nwinyi O, Oluwadamisi AY, Eze VN. Assessment of water quality in Canaanland, Ota, southwest Nigeria. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America. 2011;2(4):577–83.
  • 45. Afolabi T, Ogbuneke C, Ogunkunle O, Bamiro F. Comparative assessment of the potable quality of water from industrial, urban and rural parts of Lagos, Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science. 2012;14(2):221–32.
  • 46. Orosun MM, Tchokossa P, Nwankwo LI, Lawal TO, Bello SA, Ige SO. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in drinking water due to mining and smelting activities in Ajaokuta, Nigeria. Nig J Technol Dev. 2016 Sep 26;13(1):31.
  • 47. Association APH, others. American Public Health Association (APHA). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Apha, WEF and AWWA; Greenberg, AE, Clesceri, LS, Eaton, AD, Eds. 1992;1134.
  • 48. Okunola OJ, Oba DO, Oranusi SU, Okagbue HI. Data on microbial assessment and physicochemical characteristics of sachet water samples obtained from three factories in Ota, Ogun state, Nigeria. Data in Brief. 2018 Aug;19:2445–51.
  • 49. Ajekunle Z, Ojekunle V, Eruola A, Oyebanji F, Olatunde K, Amujo B, et al. The Effects of Storage on Sachet Water Quality in Ogun State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2015 Jul 24;19(2):183.
  • 50. Alhassan MM, Ujoh F. Assessment of the chemical quality of potable water sources in Abuja, Nigeria. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology. 2012;2(2):146.
  • 51. Wani AL, Ara A, Usmani JA. Lead toxicity: a review. Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 2015 Jun 1;8(2):55–64.
  • 52. Akuffo I, Cobbina S, Alhassan E, Nkoom M. Assessment of the quality of water before and after storage in the Nyankpala community of the Tolon-Kumbungu District, Ghana. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH. 2013;2(2):221–7.
  • 53. Joy Chinenye I. Effect of Storage and Exposure to Sunlight on the Quality of Sachet Water Sold in Ibadan Metropolis. SJPH. 2017;5(4):321.
  • 54. Garkuwa NA, Mustapha SS, Ibrahim SA, Yusha’u M, Abdulrasheed M, Garkuwa UA. Enumeration of total and <I>Feacal coliform</I> bacteria of some borehole water in Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria. Bayero J Pure App Sci. 2020 Apr 15;12(1):221–6.
  • 55. AKINNIBOSUN FI, Ugbawa L. Comparative analysis of bottled and sachet water sold in urban and rural areas of Edo State, Nigeria. Sierra Leone Journal of Biomedical Research. 2017;9(2):19–27.
  • 56. Kgopa PM, Mashela PW, Manyevere A. Microbial Quality of Treated Wastewater and Borehole Water Used for Irrigation in a Semi-Arid Area. IJERPH. 2021 Aug 23;18(16):8861.

Investigation on the Quality of Prolonged Storage of Packaged Water Commonly Produced in North Central, Nigeria

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 303 - 314, 31.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1116034

Öz

This study investigated the effects of prolonged storage conditions on the physicochemical parameter, toxic metals, microbial loads, and health risks assessment of randomly selected three brands of sachet and bottled water in North Central, Nigeria. One hundred eighty samples of water brands (sachet and bottled) were collected from 10 different factories and were grouped into three. They were analyzed immediately (initial), being exposed to mild sunlight (stored with a container) and exposed to intense sunlight (stored without a container) conditions for six weeks. The results of the physicochemical parameters (sachet and bottle) were within the limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON). While the results of heavy metals analysis for both sachet and bottled water recorded 0.15 - 0.51 mg/L (0.10 mg/L , 0.05 mg/L), 0.13 - 0.38 mg/L (0.015 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L) and 0.55 - 1.11 mg/L (0.03 mg/L, 0.3 mg/L) for Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb) and Iron (Fe) respectively, as compared to the permissible limits (values in the bracket for each heavy metals) set by WHO and SON. The microbial analysis results ranged between 6.58 - 124.51 Cfu/100 mL, 0.52 - 37.56 Cfu/100 mL, 0.07 - 5.00 Cfu/100 mL, 0 - 2.07 Cfu/100 mL for Total Bacteria Count (TBC), Total Coliform Count (TCC), Faecal Coliform Count (FCC) and Total Fungal Count (TFC) respectively, which showed no effective quality control system. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) assessment revealed a carcinogenic health risk to the populace drinking this water. The study concludes that water stored under sunlight for a long period is not good for human consumption and therefore adequate monitoring by the appropriate agencies is emphasized.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Oparaocha E, Iroegbu O, Obi R, others. Assessment of quality of drinking water sources in the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo state, Nigeria. J Appl Biosci. 2010;32:1964–76.
  • 2. Edema M, Atayese A, Bankole M. Pure water syndrome: Bacteriological quality of Sachet- packed drinking water sold in Nigeria. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development [Internet]. 2011 Apr 29 [cited 2023 Mar 11];11(1).
  • 3. Adegoke O, Bamigbowu E, Oni E, Ugbaja K. Microbiological examination of sachet water sold in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. Global Research Journal of Microbiology. 2012;2(1):62–6.
  • 4. Hoekstra AY, Chapagain AK. Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern. Water Resour Manage. 2006 Dec 27;21(1):35–48.
  • 5. Khatri N, Tyagi S. Influences of natural and anthropogenic factors on surface and groundwater quality in rural and urban areas. Frontiers in Life Science. 2015 Jan 2;8(1):23–39.
  • 6. Singh S, Mosley LM. Trace metal levels in drinking water on Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. S Pac J Nat App Sci. 2003;21(1):31.
  • 7. Sharma S, Bhattacharya A. Drinking water contamination and treatment techniques. Appl Water Sci. 2017 Jun;7(3):1043–67.
  • 8. Kim KH, Jahan SA, Kabir E, Brown RJC. A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects. Environment International. 2013 Oct;60:71–80.
  • 9. Lin L, Yang H, Xu X. Effects of Water Pollution on Human Health and Disease Heterogeneity: A Review. Front Environ Sci. 2022 Jun 30;10:880246.
  • 10. WHO/UNICEF. World Health Organization/United Nations children’s fund (WHO/UNICEF). Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines. 2017 [Internet]. Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines. 2017 [cited 2021 Dec 14].
  • 11. Pal M, Ayele Y, Hadush M, Panigrahi S, Jadhav V. Public health hazards due to unsafe drinking water. Air Water Borne Dis. 2018;7(1000138):2.
  • 12. Haack SK, Fogarty LR, Wright C. Escherichia coli and Enterococci at Beaches in the Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan: Sources, Characteristics, and Environmental Pathways. Environ Sci Technol. 2003 Aug 1;37(15):3275–82.
  • 13. Love MR. Production and Vendor Practices that Compromise the Quality of “Sachet” Water in the Central Region, Ghana. IJSTS. 2013;1(3):64.
  • 14. Dafae F, Bopp C, Kargbo D, Stroika S, Kamara A, Ayers T, et al. Cholera Epidemic Associated with Consumption of Unsafe Drinking Water and Street-Vended Water—Eastern Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2012. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2014 Mar 5;90(3):518–23.
  • 15. Emenike PC, Tenebe TI, Omeje M, Osinubi DS. Health risk assessment of heavy metal variability in sachet water sold in Ado-Odo Ota, South-Western Nigeria. Environ Monit Assess. 2017 Sep;189(9):480.
  • 16. Manjaya, Tilley, Marks. Informally Vended Sachet Water: Handling Practices and Microbial Water Quality. Water. 2019 Apr 17;11(4):800.
  • 17. Yusuff AS, John W, Oloruntoba AC. Review on prevalence of waterborne diseases in Nigeria. Journal of Advancement in Medical and life sciences. 2014;1(2):1–3.
  • 18. Nwabor OF, Nnamonu E, Martins P, Ani O. Water and waterborne diseases: a review. Int J Trop Dis Health. 2016;12(4):1–14.
  • 19. Quah SR, editor. International encyclopedia of public health. Second edition. Kidlington, Oxford: Elsevier; 2017. ISBN: 978-0-12-803708-9.
  • 20. Daud MK, Nafees M, Ali S, Rizwan M, Bajwa RA, Shakoor MB, et al. Drinking Water Quality Status and Contamination in Pakistan. BioMed Research International. 2017;2017:1–18.
  • 21. Wright J, Dzodzomenyo M, Wardrop N, Johnston R, Hill A, Aryeetey G, et al. Effects of Sachet Water Consumption on Exposure to Microbe-Contaminated Drinking Water: Household Survey Evidence from Ghana. IJERPH. 2016 Mar 9;13(3):303.
  • 22. Ajala OJ, Ighalo JO, Adeniyi AG, Ogunniyi S, Adeyanju CA. Contamination issues in sachet and bottled water in Nigeria: a mini-review. Sustain Water Resour Manag. 2020 Dec;6(6):112.
  • 23. Clesceri LS, Greenberg AE, Eaton AD. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Edition [Internet]. APHA American Public Health Association; 1998.
  • 24. Oyekunle JAO, Yussuf NA, Durodola SS, Adekunle AS, Adenuga AA, Ayinuola O, et al. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and potentially toxic metals in commonly consumed beef sausage roll products in Nigeria. Heliyon. 2019 Aug;5(8):e02345.
  • 25. Means B. Risk-assessment guidance for Superfund. Volume 1. Human Health Evaluation Manual. Part A. Interim report (Final). 1989 Dec;
  • 26. Mundy P, Bascietto J. Risk-assessment guidance for Superfund. Volume 2. Environmental evaluation manual. Interim report (Final). 1989 Mar;
  • 27. USEPA. Drinking Water Requirements for States and Public Water Systems [Internet]. United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA); 2011 [cited 2022 Jan 24].
  • 28. UNC. Updated Baseline Human Health Risk Assessment [Internet]. United Nuclear Corporation (UNC); 2011.
  • 29. Orosun MM, Adewuyi AD, Salawu NB, Isinkaye MO, Orosun OR, Oniku AS. Monte Carlo approach to risks assessment of heavy metals at automobile spare part and recycling market in Ilorin, Nigeria. Sci Rep. 2020 Dec 16;10(1):22084.
  • 30. Orosun MM. Assessment of arsenic and its associated health risks due to mining activities in parts of North-central Nigeria: Probabilistic approach using Monte Carlo. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2021 Jun;412:125262.
  • 31. Singh A, Maichle R, Singh AK, Lee SE, Armbya N. ProUCL Version 4.00.02 User Guide [Internet]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2007.
  • 32. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) [Internet]. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR); 2007.
  • 33. USEPA. Guidance for Characterizing Background Chemicals in Soil at Superfund  Sites [Internet]. United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA); 2001.
  • 34. Rinklebe J, Antoniadis V, Shaheen SM, Rosche O, Altermann M. Health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in soils along the Central Elbe River, Germany. Environment International. 2019 May;126:76–88.
  • 35. Isinkaye OM. Distribution and Multivariate Pollution Risks Assessment of Heavy Metals and Natural Radionuclides Around Abandoned Iron-Ore Mines in North Central Nigeria. Earth Syst Environ. 2018 Oct;2(2):331–43.
  • 36. Lawson SD, Ibiene AA, Amadi V, Enyinnaya SO, Nnodim LC, Uzah GA. Assessment of Physicochemical and Microbiological Quality of Table Water Sold in School Campuses of the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. JAMB. 2021 Jan 11;22–33.
  • 37. E. I. U, W. R. B, A. S. Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analyses of Sachets Water Samples in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. IOSRJAC. 2014;6(6):52–6.
  • 38. Duru CE, Amadi US, Enyoh CE. Storage and its effect on chemical quality indicators in sachet water brands sold in Owerri Municipal, Imo State, Nigeria. World news of natural sciences. 2017;12.
  • 39. World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality [electronic resource]: incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda,Vol.1, recommendations [Internet]. 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008 [cited 2023 Mar 11].
  • 40. Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality. Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality [Internet]. STANDARDS ORGANISATION OF NIGERIA; 2015.
  • 41. World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum [Internet]. 4th ed + 1st add. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 [cited 2023 Mar 11]. 541 p.
  • 42. Anake W, Siyanbola T, Ehi-Eromosele C, Edobor-Osoh A, Adeniyi I, Taiwo O. Physico-chemical and microbial assessment of different water sources in Ota, Ogun state, Nigeria. International Journal of Current Research. 2013;5(7):1797–801.
  • 43. Sheshe M, Magashi A. Assessment of physicochemical quality of sachet water produced in selected local government areas of Kano Metropolis, Kano State - Nigeria. Bayero J Pure App Sci. 2015 Jan 14;7(2):31.
  • 44. Chinedu SN, Nwinyi O, Oluwadamisi AY, Eze VN. Assessment of water quality in Canaanland, Ota, southwest Nigeria. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America. 2011;2(4):577–83.
  • 45. Afolabi T, Ogbuneke C, Ogunkunle O, Bamiro F. Comparative assessment of the potable quality of water from industrial, urban and rural parts of Lagos, Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science. 2012;14(2):221–32.
  • 46. Orosun MM, Tchokossa P, Nwankwo LI, Lawal TO, Bello SA, Ige SO. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in drinking water due to mining and smelting activities in Ajaokuta, Nigeria. Nig J Technol Dev. 2016 Sep 26;13(1):31.
  • 47. Association APH, others. American Public Health Association (APHA). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Apha, WEF and AWWA; Greenberg, AE, Clesceri, LS, Eaton, AD, Eds. 1992;1134.
  • 48. Okunola OJ, Oba DO, Oranusi SU, Okagbue HI. Data on microbial assessment and physicochemical characteristics of sachet water samples obtained from three factories in Ota, Ogun state, Nigeria. Data in Brief. 2018 Aug;19:2445–51.
  • 49. Ajekunle Z, Ojekunle V, Eruola A, Oyebanji F, Olatunde K, Amujo B, et al. The Effects of Storage on Sachet Water Quality in Ogun State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2015 Jul 24;19(2):183.
  • 50. Alhassan MM, Ujoh F. Assessment of the chemical quality of potable water sources in Abuja, Nigeria. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology. 2012;2(2):146.
  • 51. Wani AL, Ara A, Usmani JA. Lead toxicity: a review. Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 2015 Jun 1;8(2):55–64.
  • 52. Akuffo I, Cobbina S, Alhassan E, Nkoom M. Assessment of the quality of water before and after storage in the Nyankpala community of the Tolon-Kumbungu District, Ghana. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH. 2013;2(2):221–7.
  • 53. Joy Chinenye I. Effect of Storage and Exposure to Sunlight on the Quality of Sachet Water Sold in Ibadan Metropolis. SJPH. 2017;5(4):321.
  • 54. Garkuwa NA, Mustapha SS, Ibrahim SA, Yusha’u M, Abdulrasheed M, Garkuwa UA. Enumeration of total and <I>Feacal coliform</I> bacteria of some borehole water in Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria. Bayero J Pure App Sci. 2020 Apr 15;12(1):221–6.
  • 55. AKINNIBOSUN FI, Ugbawa L. Comparative analysis of bottled and sachet water sold in urban and rural areas of Edo State, Nigeria. Sierra Leone Journal of Biomedical Research. 2017;9(2):19–27.
  • 56. Kgopa PM, Mashela PW, Manyevere A. Microbial Quality of Treated Wastewater and Borehole Water Used for Irrigation in a Semi-Arid Area. IJERPH. 2021 Aug 23;18(16):8861.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Analitik Kimya
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ
Yazarlar

Fatai Okeola 0000-0001-5259-3635

Taofeeqat Abu 0000-0003-4491-5803

Aminat Mohammed 0000-0002-5367-7600

Muyiwa Orosun 0000-0002-0236-3345

Abdullahi Baba

Mariam Bolanle Adeboje Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mayıs 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Mayıs 2022
Kabul Tarihi 26 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Okeola F, Abu T, Mohammed A, Orosun M, Baba A, Adeboje MB. Investigation on the Quality of Prolonged Storage of Packaged Water Commonly Produced in North Central, Nigeria. JOTCSA. 2023;10(2):303-14.