Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization of Bioplastics from Vegetables Waste/PVA and Coating with Polyeugenol

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 925 - 932

Erwin Abdul Rahim

Öz

Plastic waste is increasingly piling up, because plastic waste is not easily destroyed by rain and sun or microbes that live in the soil, thereby increasing environmental damage such as soil pollution. One solution to overcome the problem of using plastic is bioplastic technology. This study aimed to preparation and characterization physicochemical of bioplastics from different vegetable wastes such as green spinach, water spinach and moringa. The preparation of bioplastics is carried out with two variants, vegetable waste as the base material /PVA and coating with polyeugenol. Physicochemical analysis of bioplastics includes surface observation by SEM; crystallinity by XRD; identification of functional groups by FTIR; thermal characteristics analysis by TGA, DTA and DSC; and analysis of mineral composition by AAS. Analysis by SEM shows that the smoothest surface is water spinach/PVA coating with polyeugenol compared with other vegetable waste. Characterization results show that the obtained bioplastic has a good heat resistance up to 200oC. XRD shows that coated with polyeugenol increases the crystallinity and the highest crystallinity value is moringa/PVA coated with polyeugenol. Infrared spectroscopy results show the presence of C-H alkanes, C=O carboxylic acids, OH alcohols and C-H alkenes and the spectra are similar between green spinach, water spinach and moringa. Analysis by AAS showed that the bioplastic produced contained some micro and macronutrients including Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Ni and only moringa has not found the mineral Cu. Thus, bioplastic from vegetables waste/PVA and coating with polyeugenol were potentially used as mulch and packaging material.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bioplastic, Vegetable waste, PVA, Polyeugenol, Characterization

Proje Numarası

063/E5/PG.0200.PL/2023

Teşekkür

The authors would like to express their thanks to the DRTPM-Directorate General of Indonesian Higher Education who has funded this research with contract number 063/E5/PG.0200.PL/2023.

Kaynakça

• 1. Singh MK, Tewari R, Zafar S, Rangappa SM, Siengchin S. A comprehensive review of various factors for application feasibility of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Results Mater [Internet]. 2023 Mar 1;17:100355. Available from: <URL>.
• 2. Moghaddam Fard P, Alkhansari MG. Innovative fire and water insulation foam using recycled plastic bags and expanded polystyrene (EPS). Constr Build Mater [Internet]. 2021 Oct 25;305:124785. Available from: <URL>.
• 3. Idris SN, Amelia TSM, Bhubalan K, Lazim AMM, Zakwan NAMA, Jamaluddin MI, et al. The degradation of single-use plastics and commercially viable bioplastics in the environment: A review. Environ Res [Internet]. 2023 Aug 15;231:115988. Available from: <URL>.
• 4. Rahardiyan D, Moko EM, Tan JS, Lee CK. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) bioplastic, the green solution for single-use petroleum plastic food packaging – A review. Enzyme Microb Technol [Internet]. 2023 Aug 1;168:110260. Available from: <URL>.
• 5. Shen L, Worrell E, Patel M. Present and future development in plastics from biomass. Biofuels, Bioprod Biorefining [Internet]. 2010 Jan 7;4(1):25–40. Available from: <URL>.
• 6. Kiser B. Circular economy: Getting the circulation going. Nature [Internet]. 2016 Mar 24;531(7595):443–6. Available from: <URL>.
• 7. Snell KD, Peoples OP. PHA bioplastic: A value‐added coproduct for biomass biorefineries. Biofuels, Bioprod Biorefining [Internet]. 2009 Jul 7;3(4):456–67. Available from: <URL>.
• 8. Vepari C, Kaplan DL. Silk as a biomaterial. Prog Polym Sci [Internet]. 2007 Aug 1;32(8–9):991–1007. Available from: <URL>.
• 9. Perotto G, Ceseracciu L, Simonutti R, Paul UC, Guzman-Puyol S, Tran TN, et al. Bioplastics from vegetable waste via an eco-friendly water-based process. Green Chem [Internet]. 2018 Feb 19;20(4):894–902. Available from: <URL>.
• 10. Phattarateera S, Xin L, Amphong C, Limsamran V, Threepopnatkul P. Comparative studies of starch blends on the properties of PVA films. Carbohydr Polym Technol Appl [Internet]. 2023 Dec 1;6:100340. Available from: <URL>.
• 11. Rahim EA, Istiqomah N, Almilda G, Ridhay A, Sumarni NK, Indriani I. Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Polyeugenol with High Molecular Weight. Indones J Chem [Internet]. 2020 May 9;20(3):722–8. Available from: <URL>.
• 12. Haghighi H, Gullo M, La China S, Pfeifer F, Siesler HW, Licciardello F, et al. Characterization of bio-nanocomposite films based on gelatin/polyvinyl alcohol blend reinforced with bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers for food packaging applications. Food Hydrocoll [Internet]. 2021 Apr 1;113:106454. Available from: <URL>.
• 13. Ferreira-Villadiego J, García-Echeverri J, Vidal M V, Pasqualino J, Meza-Castellar P, Lambis-Miranda HA. Chemical Modification and Characterization of Starch Derived from Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) Peel Waste, as a Source of Biodegradable Material. Chem Eng Trans [Internet]. 2018;65:763–8. Available from: <URL>.
• 14. Sardi B, Altway A, Mahfud M. Bio-oil production from low-rank coal via novel catalytic microwave pyrolysis using activated carbon + Fe2(SO4)3 and HZSM-5 + Fe2(SO4)3. Fuel [Internet]. 2022 Sep 15;324:124509. Available from: <URL>.
• 15. Sardi B, Ningrum RF, Ardianyah VA, Qadariyah L, Mahfud M. Production of Liquid Biofuels from Microalgae Chlorella sp. via Catalytic Slow Pyrolysis. Int J Technol [Internet]. 2022 Jan 20;13(1):147–56. Available from: <URL>.
• 16. Liu J, Yu H, Wang L, Vatsadze SZ, Chen D, Wu X, et al. One-step synthesis of ferrocenyl glycidyl ethers as combustion catalysts for the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Powder Technol [Internet]. 2023 Oct 1;428:118772. Available from: <URL>.
• 17. Sardi B, Rachmawati H, Maulana TF, Setiawati E, Indrawan N, Mahfud M. Advanced bio-oil production from a mixture of microalgae and low rank coal using microwave assisted pyrolysis. Bioresour Technol Reports [Internet]. 2023 Feb 1;21:101367. Available from: <URL>.
• 18. Sardi B, Uno I, Marhum FA, Akbar AA, Arief T, Arif M, et al. Role of novel additives (reservoir rock and activated carbon) in bio-oil synthesis from LRC microwave pyrolysis. Int J Hydrogen Energy [Internet]. 2024 Jan 2;49:203–16. Available from: <URL>.
• 19. Okeke ES, Olagbaju OA, Okoye CO, Addey CI, Chukwudozie KI, Okoro JO, et al. Microplastic burden in Africa: A review of occurrence, impacts, and sustainability potential of bioplastics. Chem Eng J Adv [Internet]. 2022 Nov 15;12:100402. Available from: <URL>.
• 20. Wiercigroch E, Szafraniec E, Czamara K, Pacia MZ, Majzner K, Kochan K, et al. Raman and infrared spectroscopy of carbohydrates: A review. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc [Internet]. 2017 Oct 5;185:317–35. Available from: <URL>.
• 21. Heredia-Guerrero JA, Benítez JJ, Porras-Vázquez JM, Tedeschi G, Morales Y, Fernández-Ortuño D, et al. Plasticized, greaseproof chitin bioplastics with high transparency and biodegradability. Food Hydrocoll [Internet]. 2023 Dec 1;145:109072. Available from: <URL>.
• 22. Djunaidi MC, Astuti Y. Synthesis, characterization and selectivity of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) glucose using polyeugenol as a functional polymer. Rasayan J Chem [Internet]. 2019;12(02):809–21. Available from: <URL>.
• 23. Mas I, Hortelano C, Ruiz-Bermejo M, de la Fuente JL. Highly efficient melt polymerization of diaminomaleonitrile. Eur Polym J [Internet]. 2021 Jan 15;143:110185. Available from: <URL>.
• 24. Abdul Rahim E, Sanda F, Masuda T. Synthesis and Properties of Novel Eugenol?Based Polymers. Polym Bull [Internet]. 2004 Aug;52(2):93–100. Available from: <URL>.