Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Enhancing Skincare Formulas with Olive Oil-Infused Citrus Peel Extracts: A Comprehensive Study

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 1387 - 1396, 03.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1492998

Abstract

The increasing global demand for natural and organic ingredients in cosmetics has spurred a surge in research exploring innovative formulations. This study delves into the utilization of citrus fruit peels and seeds macerated in olive oil as a foundation for novel ointments. Through the analysis of extracts from a variety of citrus sources, including orange, lemon, tangerine, grapefruit, and citron peels, as well as lemon and tangerine seeds, their physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity were meticulously examined using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). A groundbreaking aspect of this research is the revelation of the in vitro antioxidant potential of DMSO extracts obtained from these citrus-infused olive oils. Chemical assays unequivocally confirmed the presence of phenols and flavonoids, renowned for their robust antioxidant properties, across all extracts. These significant findings not only reinforce the well-documented benefits of citrus fruits in combating premature aging and diseases but also underscore the untapped potential of citrus by-products as valuable natural cosmetic ingredients. This preliminary investigation serves as a beacon illuminating the promising prospects of integrating citrus fruit remnants into cosmetic formulations. The imperative for further exploration in this realm is evident, aiming to refine formulations and advocate for the sustainable exploitation of citrus resources within the cosmetics sector. By embarking on deeper research endeavors, an inclusive comprehension of leveraging the inherent potency of citrus fruits for the creation of cutting-edge and efficacious natural cosmetic products can be achieved.

Ethical Statement

Declared none

Supporting Institution

Declared none

References

  • 1. Trichopoulou A, Martínez-González MA, Tong TY, Forouhi NG, Khandelwal S, Prabhakaran D, et al. Definitions and potential health benefits of the Mediterranean diet: views from experts around the world. BMC Med [Internet]. 2014 Dec 24;12(1):112. Available from: <URL>.
  • 2. Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. Does a mediterranean-type diet reduce cancer risk? Curr Nutr Rep [Internet]. 2016 Mar 23;5(1):9–17. Available from: <URL>.
  • 3. Rafehi H, Ververis K, Karagiannis TC. Mechanisms of action of phenolic compounds in olive. J Diet Suppl [Internet]. 2012 May 17;9(2):96–109. Available from: <URL>.
  • 4. Schwingshackl L, Christoph M, Hoffmann G. Effects of olive oil on markers of inflammation and endothelial function—A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients [Internet]. 2015 Sep 11;7(9):7651–75. Available from: <URL>.
  • 5. Bulotta S, Celano M, Lepore SM, Montalcini T, Pujia A, Russo D. Beneficial effects of the olive oil phenolic components oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol: focus on protection against cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. J Transl Med [Internet]. 2014 Dec 3;12(1):219. Available from: <URL>.
  • 6. Antoun N, Tsimidou M. Gourmet olive oils: Stability and consumer acceptability studies. Food Res Int [Internet]. 1997 Mar;30(2):131–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 7. Gambacorta G, Faccia M, Pati S, Lamacchia C, Baiano A, La Notte E. Changes in the chemical and sensory profile of extra virgin olive oils flavored with herbs and spices during storage. J Food Lipids [Internet]. 2007 Jun 26;14(2):202–15. Available from: <URL>.
  • 8. Choi IS, Lee YG, Khanal SK, Park BJ, Bae HJ. A low-energy, cost-effective approach to fruit and citrus peel waste processing for bioethanol production. Appl Energy [Internet]. 2015 Feb;140:65–74. Available from: <URL>.
  • 9. Sharma K, Mahato N, Cho MH, Lee YR. Converting citrus wastes into value-added products: Economic and environmently friendly approaches. Nutrition [Internet]. 2017 Feb;34:29–46. Available from: <URL>.
  • 10. FAOSTAT. FAO statistical databases (FAO, 2023) [Internet]. [cited 2024 Aug 26]. Available from: <URL>.
  • 11. Wu GA, Terol J, Ibanez V, López-García A, Pérez-Román E, Borredá C, et al. Genomics of the origin and evolution of citrus. Nature [Internet]. 2018 Feb 7;554(7692):311–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 12. Sengupta S, Pradhan A, Biswas S, Bhattacharya M. Exploring the antimicrobial properties of lemon: A comparative analysis of peel, seed, and pulp. Microbiol Res J Int [Internet]. 2024 Aug 21;34(9):10–24. Available from: <URL>.
  • 13. Ladaniya MS. Citrus fruit: Biology, technology and evaluation [Internet]. Elsevier; 2008. Available from: <URL>.
  • 14. Singh B, Singh JP, Kaur A, Singh N. Phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of citrus peel. Food Res Int [Internet]. 2020 Jun;132:109114. Available from: <URL>.
  • 15. Liew SS, Ho WY, Yeap SK, Sharifudin SA Bin. Phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activities of Citrus sinensis peel extracts. PeerJ [Internet]. 2018 Aug 3;6:e5331. Available from: <URL>.
  • 16. Andrade MA, Barbosa CH, Shah MA, Ahmad N, Vilarinho F, Khwaldia K, et al. Citrus by-products: Valuable source of bioactive compounds for food applications. Antioxidants [Internet]. 2022 Dec 25;12(1):38. Available from: <URL>.
  • 17. Osei YG. Developing suitable pharmaceutical dosage forms for G-REA herbal powder [Internet]. 2013. Available from: <URL>.
  • 18. Eroglu E, Girgin SN. A unique phenolic extraction method from olive oil macerate of Hypericum perforatum using DMSO: Assessment of in vitro anticancer activity, LC-MS/MS profile, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. South African J Bot [Internet]. 2021 Jul;139:6–11. Available from: <URL>.
  • 19. Houghton PJ, Raman A. Laboratory handbook for the fractionation of natural extracts [Internet]. Boston, MA: Springer US; 1998. Available from: <URL>.
  • 20. Maiga A, Houngnimassoun HMA, Attindehou S, Houinato M, Salifou S. Effet vermicide in vitro de l’extrait aqueux des feuilles de Chenopodium ambrosioides L. 1753 sur Haemonchus contortus et Oesophagostomum colombianum parasites gastro-intestinaux des petits ruminants. J Anim Plant Sci [Internet]. 2020;43(3):7501–12. Available from: <URL>.
  • 21. Dirar AI, Alsaadi DHM, Wada M, Mohamed MA, Watanabe T, Devkota HP. Effects of extraction solvents on total phenolic and flavonoid contents and biological activities of extracts from Sudanese medicinal plants. South African J Bot [Internet]. 2019 Jan;120:261–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 22. Benarous K, Bombarda I, Iriepa I, Moraleda I, Gaetan H, Linani A, et al. Harmaline and hispidin from Peganum harmala and Inonotus hispidus with binding affinity to Candida rugosa lipase: In silico and in vitro studies. Bioorg Chem [Internet]. 2015 Oct;62:1–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 23. Wagner H, Bladt S. Plant drug analysis [Internet]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1996. Available from: <URL>.
  • 24. Maleš Ž, Plazibat M, Vundać V, Žuntar I, Pilepić K. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and amino acids in some Croatian Hypericum taxa. J Planar Chromatogr – Mod TLC [Internet]. 2004 Aug;17(4):280–5. Available from: <URL>.
  • 25. Heinrich M, Daniels R, Stintzing FC, Kammerer DR. Comprehensive phytochemical characterization of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) oil macerates obtained by different extraction protocols via analytical tools applicable in routine control. Pharmazie [Internet]. 2017;72(3):131–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 26. Orhan IE, Kartal M, Gülpinar AR, Cos P, Matheeussen A, Maes L, et al. Assessment of antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activity of the olive oil macerate samples of Hypericum perforatum and their LC–DAD–MS analyses. Food Chem [Internet]. 2013 Jun;138(2–3):870–5. Available from: <URL>.
  • 27. Saleem M, Durani AI, Asari A, Ahmed M, Ahmad M, Yousaf N, et al. Investigation of antioxidant and antibacterial effects of citrus fruits peels extracts using different extracting agents: Phytochemical analysis with in silico studies. Heliyon [Internet]. 2023 Apr;9(4):e15433. Available from: <URL>.
  • 28. Ashraf H, Iahtisham-Ul-Haq, Butt MS, Nayik GA, Ramniwas S, Damto T, et al. Phytochemical and antioxidant profile of citrus peel extracts in relation to different extraction parameters. Int J Food Prop [Internet]. 2024 Dec 31;27(1):286–99. Available from: <URL>.
  • 29. Codex Alimentarius. Codex standard for vegetable oils with specific name. Codex STAN 210-1999. 2017;
  • 30. Souto EB, Fangueiro JF, Fernandes AR, Cano A, Sanchez-Lopez E, Garcia ML, et al. Physicochemical and biopharmaceutical aspects influencing skin permeation and role of SLN and NLC for skin drug delivery. Heliyon [Internet]. 2022 Feb;8(2):e08938. Available from: <URL>.
  • 31. Lambers H, Piessens S, Bloem A, Pronk H, Finkel P. Natural skin surface pH is on average below 5, which is beneficial for its resident flora. Int J Cosmet Sci [Internet]. 2006 Oct 19;28(5):359–70. Available from: <URL>.
  • 32. Günther C, Kowal K, Schmidt T, Jambrecina A, Toner F, Nave R. Comparison of in vitro and in vivo percutaneous absorption across human skin using bay1003803 formulated as ointment and cream. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev [Internet]. 2020 Jul 24;9(5):582–92. Available from: <URL>.
Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 1387 - 1396, 03.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1492998

Abstract

References

  • 1. Trichopoulou A, Martínez-González MA, Tong TY, Forouhi NG, Khandelwal S, Prabhakaran D, et al. Definitions and potential health benefits of the Mediterranean diet: views from experts around the world. BMC Med [Internet]. 2014 Dec 24;12(1):112. Available from: <URL>.
  • 2. Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. Does a mediterranean-type diet reduce cancer risk? Curr Nutr Rep [Internet]. 2016 Mar 23;5(1):9–17. Available from: <URL>.
  • 3. Rafehi H, Ververis K, Karagiannis TC. Mechanisms of action of phenolic compounds in olive. J Diet Suppl [Internet]. 2012 May 17;9(2):96–109. Available from: <URL>.
  • 4. Schwingshackl L, Christoph M, Hoffmann G. Effects of olive oil on markers of inflammation and endothelial function—A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients [Internet]. 2015 Sep 11;7(9):7651–75. Available from: <URL>.
  • 5. Bulotta S, Celano M, Lepore SM, Montalcini T, Pujia A, Russo D. Beneficial effects of the olive oil phenolic components oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol: focus on protection against cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. J Transl Med [Internet]. 2014 Dec 3;12(1):219. Available from: <URL>.
  • 6. Antoun N, Tsimidou M. Gourmet olive oils: Stability and consumer acceptability studies. Food Res Int [Internet]. 1997 Mar;30(2):131–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 7. Gambacorta G, Faccia M, Pati S, Lamacchia C, Baiano A, La Notte E. Changes in the chemical and sensory profile of extra virgin olive oils flavored with herbs and spices during storage. J Food Lipids [Internet]. 2007 Jun 26;14(2):202–15. Available from: <URL>.
  • 8. Choi IS, Lee YG, Khanal SK, Park BJ, Bae HJ. A low-energy, cost-effective approach to fruit and citrus peel waste processing for bioethanol production. Appl Energy [Internet]. 2015 Feb;140:65–74. Available from: <URL>.
  • 9. Sharma K, Mahato N, Cho MH, Lee YR. Converting citrus wastes into value-added products: Economic and environmently friendly approaches. Nutrition [Internet]. 2017 Feb;34:29–46. Available from: <URL>.
  • 10. FAOSTAT. FAO statistical databases (FAO, 2023) [Internet]. [cited 2024 Aug 26]. Available from: <URL>.
  • 11. Wu GA, Terol J, Ibanez V, López-García A, Pérez-Román E, Borredá C, et al. Genomics of the origin and evolution of citrus. Nature [Internet]. 2018 Feb 7;554(7692):311–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 12. Sengupta S, Pradhan A, Biswas S, Bhattacharya M. Exploring the antimicrobial properties of lemon: A comparative analysis of peel, seed, and pulp. Microbiol Res J Int [Internet]. 2024 Aug 21;34(9):10–24. Available from: <URL>.
  • 13. Ladaniya MS. Citrus fruit: Biology, technology and evaluation [Internet]. Elsevier; 2008. Available from: <URL>.
  • 14. Singh B, Singh JP, Kaur A, Singh N. Phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of citrus peel. Food Res Int [Internet]. 2020 Jun;132:109114. Available from: <URL>.
  • 15. Liew SS, Ho WY, Yeap SK, Sharifudin SA Bin. Phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activities of Citrus sinensis peel extracts. PeerJ [Internet]. 2018 Aug 3;6:e5331. Available from: <URL>.
  • 16. Andrade MA, Barbosa CH, Shah MA, Ahmad N, Vilarinho F, Khwaldia K, et al. Citrus by-products: Valuable source of bioactive compounds for food applications. Antioxidants [Internet]. 2022 Dec 25;12(1):38. Available from: <URL>.
  • 17. Osei YG. Developing suitable pharmaceutical dosage forms for G-REA herbal powder [Internet]. 2013. Available from: <URL>.
  • 18. Eroglu E, Girgin SN. A unique phenolic extraction method from olive oil macerate of Hypericum perforatum using DMSO: Assessment of in vitro anticancer activity, LC-MS/MS profile, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. South African J Bot [Internet]. 2021 Jul;139:6–11. Available from: <URL>.
  • 19. Houghton PJ, Raman A. Laboratory handbook for the fractionation of natural extracts [Internet]. Boston, MA: Springer US; 1998. Available from: <URL>.
  • 20. Maiga A, Houngnimassoun HMA, Attindehou S, Houinato M, Salifou S. Effet vermicide in vitro de l’extrait aqueux des feuilles de Chenopodium ambrosioides L. 1753 sur Haemonchus contortus et Oesophagostomum colombianum parasites gastro-intestinaux des petits ruminants. J Anim Plant Sci [Internet]. 2020;43(3):7501–12. Available from: <URL>.
  • 21. Dirar AI, Alsaadi DHM, Wada M, Mohamed MA, Watanabe T, Devkota HP. Effects of extraction solvents on total phenolic and flavonoid contents and biological activities of extracts from Sudanese medicinal plants. South African J Bot [Internet]. 2019 Jan;120:261–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 22. Benarous K, Bombarda I, Iriepa I, Moraleda I, Gaetan H, Linani A, et al. Harmaline and hispidin from Peganum harmala and Inonotus hispidus with binding affinity to Candida rugosa lipase: In silico and in vitro studies. Bioorg Chem [Internet]. 2015 Oct;62:1–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 23. Wagner H, Bladt S. Plant drug analysis [Internet]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1996. Available from: <URL>.
  • 24. Maleš Ž, Plazibat M, Vundać V, Žuntar I, Pilepić K. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and amino acids in some Croatian Hypericum taxa. J Planar Chromatogr – Mod TLC [Internet]. 2004 Aug;17(4):280–5. Available from: <URL>.
  • 25. Heinrich M, Daniels R, Stintzing FC, Kammerer DR. Comprehensive phytochemical characterization of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) oil macerates obtained by different extraction protocols via analytical tools applicable in routine control. Pharmazie [Internet]. 2017;72(3):131–8. Available from: <URL>.
  • 26. Orhan IE, Kartal M, Gülpinar AR, Cos P, Matheeussen A, Maes L, et al. Assessment of antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activity of the olive oil macerate samples of Hypericum perforatum and their LC–DAD–MS analyses. Food Chem [Internet]. 2013 Jun;138(2–3):870–5. Available from: <URL>.
  • 27. Saleem M, Durani AI, Asari A, Ahmed M, Ahmad M, Yousaf N, et al. Investigation of antioxidant and antibacterial effects of citrus fruits peels extracts using different extracting agents: Phytochemical analysis with in silico studies. Heliyon [Internet]. 2023 Apr;9(4):e15433. Available from: <URL>.
  • 28. Ashraf H, Iahtisham-Ul-Haq, Butt MS, Nayik GA, Ramniwas S, Damto T, et al. Phytochemical and antioxidant profile of citrus peel extracts in relation to different extraction parameters. Int J Food Prop [Internet]. 2024 Dec 31;27(1):286–99. Available from: <URL>.
  • 29. Codex Alimentarius. Codex standard for vegetable oils with specific name. Codex STAN 210-1999. 2017;
  • 30. Souto EB, Fangueiro JF, Fernandes AR, Cano A, Sanchez-Lopez E, Garcia ML, et al. Physicochemical and biopharmaceutical aspects influencing skin permeation and role of SLN and NLC for skin drug delivery. Heliyon [Internet]. 2022 Feb;8(2):e08938. Available from: <URL>.
  • 31. Lambers H, Piessens S, Bloem A, Pronk H, Finkel P. Natural skin surface pH is on average below 5, which is beneficial for its resident flora. Int J Cosmet Sci [Internet]. 2006 Oct 19;28(5):359–70. Available from: <URL>.
  • 32. Günther C, Kowal K, Schmidt T, Jambrecina A, Toner F, Nave R. Comparison of in vitro and in vivo percutaneous absorption across human skin using bay1003803 formulated as ointment and cream. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev [Internet]. 2020 Jul 24;9(5):582–92. Available from: <URL>.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Natural Products and Bioactive Compounds
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLES
Authors

Mebarka Imane Benguechoua 0000-0002-7836-8935

Madjda Benguechoua This is me 0000-0002-9411-330X

Khedidja Benarous This is me 0000-0001-9112-6730

Alaeddine Kaouka This is me 0000-0002-1118-7603

Mohamed Yousfi This is me 0000-0003-3947-9867

Publication Date December 3, 2024
Submission Date June 1, 2024
Acceptance Date July 30, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 11 Issue: 4

Cite

Vancouver Benguechoua MI, Benguechoua M, Benarous K, Kaouka A, Yousfi M. Enhancing Skincare Formulas with Olive Oil-Infused Citrus Peel Extracts: A Comprehensive Study. JOTCSA. 2024;11(4):1387-96.