Synthesis of Visible Light Response S-SnO2 Catalyst for Optimized Photodegradation of Bromophenol Blue.

Abstract

In the presence study, sulfur doped tin dioxide (S-SnO2) catalysts have been synthesized by precipitation of aqueous SnCl4 in the present of NH3. The synthesized catalysts have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The photocatalytic performance of the synthesized S-SnO2 catalysts was optimized for bromophenol blue (BPB) degradation under visible light irradiation based on central composite design (CCD). Input variables adopted for the optimization are catalysts dosage, initial concentration of bromophenol blue and pH. Optimal conditions for the efficient BPB photodegradation were found to involve catalyst dosage of 0.4 g/L, initial BPB concentration of 5 mg/L and pH 8 under which maximum percentage degradation of 92.33% BPB degradation over 0.4g S-SnO2 was attained for 120 min visible light irradiation. sonication time of 60 min. Thus, the 0.4g S-SnO2 sample prepared under the founded optimal dopant amount yielded the maximal removal efficiencies.

Keywords

• Bromophenol blue
• S-SnO2 Photocatalyst
• Visible light

References

1. [1] T. Robinson, G. McMullan, Marchant R. and P. Nigam, Remediation of Dyes in Textile Effluent: A Critical Review on Current Treatment Technologies with a Proposed Alternative, Bioresource Technology, 2001, 77, 247-255.
2. [2] F. Alinsafi, E.M. Evenou, M.N. Abdulkarim, O. Pons, A. Zahra, A. Benhammou, N.A. Yacoubi, Treatment of Textile Industries Wastewater by Supported Photocatalysis, Dyes and Pigmen, 2007, 74, 439-445.
3. [3] S. Asha, and V. Thiruvenkatachari, Decolorization of Dye Wastewaters by Bioabsorbents A Review, Journal of Environmental Management, 2010, 91, 1915-1929.
4. [4] D. Beydoun, R. Amal, G. Low and S. McEvoy, Role of Nanoparticles in Photocatalysis, Journal of nanoparticle Research, 1999, 1, 432-458.
5. [5] E. Kusvuran, and E. Oktay, Degradation of Aldrinin Adsorbed System using Advanced Oxidation Process: Comparison of Treatment Methods, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2005, 6, 115-125
6. [6] E.A. Kusvuran, O. Samil, A. Malik and E. Oktay, Photocatalytic Degradation Kinetics of di-and tri-Substituted Phenolic Compounds in Aqueous Solution by TiO2/UV, Applied catalysis B: Environmental, 2004, 58, 3-4
7. [7] D. Ohtami, Photocatalysis A-Z-What we know and what we do not know in Scientific Sense, Journal of Photochemistry and photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, 2010, 11, 157-178.
8. [8] H.K. Egzar, M.S. Mashkour and A.M. Jude, Study the Photodegradation of Analine Blue in Aqeous Phase by Using Different Photocatalysts, Asian transaction on basic and applied science. 2013, 3, 2221-4291.

9. [9] L. Chenga, L. Dan, D. Xiangting, M. Qianli, Y. Wensheng, W. Xinlu, Y Hui., J W . inxian and L. Guixia, Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Performance of SnS Nanofibers and SnSe Nanofibers Derived from the Electrospinning-made SnO2 Nanofibers, Materials Research, 2017, 20, 1748-1755.
10. [10] B. Shamima and M. Ahmaruzzaman, Biogenic Synthesis of SnO2/activated Carbon Nanocomposite and It’s Application as Photocatalyst in the Degradation of Naprozen, Journal of applied surface science. Journal, 2018, 449, 780-789
11. [11] S. Begum, T.B. Devi and M. Ahmaruzzaman, L-lysine Monohydrate Mediated Facile and Environmental friendly synthesis of SnO2 Oxide Nanoparticles and there Prospective Applications as a Catalyst for the Reduction and Photo Degradation of Aromatic Compounds, Journal of environmental chemistry engineering, 2016, 4, 2976-2989.
12. [12] G.J. Shang, M. Wu, J. Huang, Z. Lin. Y. H. Lan, and L. Fan, Facile Synthesis of Mesoporous Tin oxide Spheres and their Applications in Dyes-synthesized Solar Cells, Journal of physical chemistry C, 2012, 116, 20140-20145.
13. [13] S. Phadunghitidhada, S. Thanasanvorakun, P. Mangkorntong, S. Choopun, N. Mangkorntong and D. Wongratanaphisan, SnO2 Nanowires Mixed Nanodendrites for High Ethanol Sensors Response, Current applied physics, 2011, 11, 1368-1373.
14. [14] L. Feng, Z. Xuan, S. Ji, W. Min, H. Zhao and H. Ghao, Preparation of SnO2 and Performance as Lithium ion Battery Anode, International journal of electrochemical science, 2015, 10, 2370-2376.
15. [15] C. Dhanya, S. Lakshmi, S.B., Nair, B.K Rajendra and M. Deepa, Band Gap Narrowing and Photocatalytic Studies of Nd3+ ion-doped SnO2 Nanoparticles using Solar Energy, Bullet Material Science, 2016, 39, 27-33.
16. [16] G. Liu, P. Niu, S.C. Sun, Z. Smith, G.Q. Chen, L. Max, and H.M. Cheng, Unique Electronic Structure Induced High Photoreactivity of Sulfur-doped Graphitic C3N4, Journal of. American Chemical Society, 2010, 132, 11642-11648.
17. [17] Z. Yang, I. Lv, Y. Dai, Z. Xv, and D. Qian, Synthesis of ZnO-SnO2 Composite Oxide by CTAB Assisted Co-precipitation and Photocatalytic Properties, Applied Surface Science, 2010, 256, 2898-2902.
18. [18] R.G. Brereton, Applied Chemometrics for Scientists, John Wiley and Sons, 2007.
19. 19] R.L. Mason, R.F. Gunst, J.L. Hess, Statistical Design and Analysis of Experiments, John Wiley and Sons, 2003
20. [20] A. Nouri, A . Fokhri and N. Arezu, Synthesis of SnO2 and C,N,S-tridoped SnO2 Nanoparticles by Precipitation Method, Journal of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 2013, 10, 137-142.
21. [21] B. D. Cullity, Elements of X-ray diffraction, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 2nd ed. 1978
22. [22] I. Georgaki, E. Vasilaki, N. Katsarakis, A study on the degradation of carbamazepine and ibuprofen by TiO2 & ZnO photocatalysis upon UV/visible-light irradiation, American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2014, 5, 518–534.
23. [23] A. Houas, H. Lachheb, M. Ksibi, E. Elaloui, C. Guillard, J. Herrmann, Photocatalytic degradation pathway of Methylene blue in water, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2001, 31, 145–157.
24. [24] H. Ke, P. Xue-Lei, L. Fang and Y. Ming-Ming, SnO2 Composite Films for Enhanced Photocatalytic Activities. Catalysts 2018, 8, 453.
25. [25] U.I. Gaya, A. Abdul Halim, Z. Zulkarnain and Z.H. Mohd, Photocatalytic Degradation of 2, 4-dichlorophenol in Irradiated Aqueous ZnO Suspension, International Journal of Chemistry, 2010, 2, 1.
26. [26] K. Azad, and P. Gajanan, A Review on Factors Affecting the Photocatalytic Degradation of Hazardous Materials, International Journal of Material Science and Engineering, 2017, 1, 18
27. [27] A. Ahmed, H.F. Abdel-Khaleh, F.K. Nassar, S.M. Abdel-Ghawad, and A. Seham, Photocatalytic Degradation of Bromophenol Blue in Wastewater Using Pure ZnO and Ag+ Doped ZnO, Quantum Matter, 2016, 5, 297-304.
28. [28] M.A. Bezerra, R.E. Santelli, E.P. Oliveira, L.S. Villar, and L.A. Escaleira, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) as a Tool for Optimization in Analytical Chemistr,. Talanta, 2008, 76, 965–977
29. [29] X. Chen and Z. Wu, Effect of different activated carbon as carrier on the photocatalytic activity of Ag-N-ZnO photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation under visible light irradiation, Nanomaterials, 2017, 7, 258.
30. [30] B. Xing, C. Shi, C. Zhang, G. Yi, L. Chen, H. Guo, and J. Cao, Preparation of TiO2/activated carbon Composites for photocatalytic degradation of RhB under UV light irradiation, Journal of Nanomaterials, 2016, 1-10.
31. [31] X.J. Wang, J.K. Song, J.Y. Huang, J. Zhang, X. Wang, R.R. Ma, Wang and J.F. Zhao, Activated carbon-Based magnetic TiO2photocatalyst co-doped with iodine and nitrogen for organic pollution degradation, Applied Surface Science, 2016, 390, 190-201.