Physicochemical Evaluation of Calotropis procera Fruit-Derived Biochar for Carbofuran Adsorption: Kinetic, Isotherm, and Diffusion Studies

Damilola Ogundele; Abdulsalam Raheemat

doi:10.54565/jphcfum.1895224

Physicochemical Evaluation of Calotropis procera Fruit-Derived Biochar for Carbofuran Adsorption: Kinetic, Isotherm, and Diffusion Studies

Abstract

Carbofuran, a toxic carbamate pesticide, frequently contaminates aquatic environments due to its high solubility and persistence. This study evaluates the adsorption performance of acid-treated (ABCP) and alkaline-treated (ALBCP) biochars derived from Calotropis procera fruits for carbofuran removal from aqueous solution. The biochars were characterized using SEM, BET, EDX, and FTIR analyses, confirming well-developed porous structures, high surface areas, and enriched oxygen-containing functional groups after chemical modification. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration. Maximum removal efficiencies were achieved at pH 7, with optimal dosages of 0.5 g (ABCP) and 0.3 g (ALBCP). Equilibrium data fitted both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, indicating combined monolayer and heterogeneous adsorption behavior. Kinetic analysis showed excellent agreement with the pseudo–second-order model, suggesting chemisorption as the dominant mechanism, while intra-particle diffusion contributed partially in the case of ABCP. Overall, the findings demonstrate that chemically modified Calotropis procera biochars are efficient, low-cost, and sustainable adsorbents for carbofuran remediation in pesticide-contaminated water systems.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Kwara State University

Project Number

1895224

Ethical Statement

ethical approval was not required for this research.

Thanks

Dear Editor, I am pleased to submit our manuscript entitled “Physicochemical Evaluation of Calotropis procera Fruit-Derived Biochar for Carbofuran Adsorption: Kinetic, Isotherm, and Diffusion Studies ” for consideration for publication in Journal of Physical Chemistry and Functional Materials. This manuscript is original, has not been published previously, and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. All authors have approved the manuscript and agree with its submission to the journal. Thank you for your consideration. We look forward to your response.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Physical Chemistry (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Damilola Ogundele
0000-0002-1855-4568
Nigeria

Abdulsalam Raheemat ^*
0009-0002-5446-4241
Nigeria

Publication Date

June 29, 2026

Submission Date

February 22, 2026

Acceptance Date

May 4, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 9 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.54565/jphcfum.1895224

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA44PZ66GG

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Ogundele, D., & Raheemat, A. (2026). Physicochemical Evaluation of Calotropis procera Fruit-Derived Biochar for Carbofuran Adsorption: Kinetic, Isotherm, and Diffusion Studies. Journal of Physical Chemistry and Functional Materials, 9(1), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.54565/jphcfum.1895224

AMA

1.Ogundele D, Raheemat A. Physicochemical Evaluation of Calotropis procera Fruit-Derived Biochar for Carbofuran Adsorption: Kinetic, Isotherm, and Diffusion Studies. Journal of Physical Chemistry and Functional Materials. 2026;9(1):56-63. doi:10.54565/jphcfum.1895224

Chicago

Ogundele, Damilola, and Abdulsalam Raheemat. 2026. “Physicochemical Evaluation of Calotropis Procera Fruit-Derived Biochar for Carbofuran Adsorption: Kinetic, Isotherm, and Diffusion Studies”. Journal of Physical Chemistry and Functional Materials 9 (1): 56-63. https://doi.org/10.54565/jphcfum.1895224.

EndNote

Ogundele D, Raheemat A (June 1, 2026) Physicochemical Evaluation of Calotropis procera Fruit-Derived Biochar for Carbofuran Adsorption: Kinetic, Isotherm, and Diffusion Studies. Journal of Physical Chemistry and Functional Materials 9 1 56–63.

IEEE

[1]D. Ogundele and A. Raheemat, “Physicochemical Evaluation of Calotropis procera Fruit-Derived Biochar for Carbofuran Adsorption: Kinetic, Isotherm, and Diffusion Studies”, Journal of Physical Chemistry and Functional Materials, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 56–63, June 2026, doi: 10.54565/jphcfum.1895224.

ISNAD

Ogundele, Damilola - Raheemat, Abdulsalam. “Physicochemical Evaluation of Calotropis Procera Fruit-Derived Biochar for Carbofuran Adsorption: Kinetic, Isotherm, and Diffusion Studies”. Journal of Physical Chemistry and Functional Materials 9/1 (June 1, 2026): 56-63. https://doi.org/10.54565/jphcfum.1895224.

JAMA

1.Ogundele D, Raheemat A. Physicochemical Evaluation of Calotropis procera Fruit-Derived Biochar for Carbofuran Adsorption: Kinetic, Isotherm, and Diffusion Studies. Journal of Physical Chemistry and Functional Materials. 2026;9:56–63.

MLA

Ogundele, Damilola, and Abdulsalam Raheemat. “Physicochemical Evaluation of Calotropis Procera Fruit-Derived Biochar for Carbofuran Adsorption: Kinetic, Isotherm, and Diffusion Studies”. Journal of Physical Chemistry and Functional Materials, vol. 9, no. 1, June 2026, pp. 56-63, doi:10.54565/jphcfum.1895224.

Vancouver

1.Damilola Ogundele, Abdulsalam Raheemat. Physicochemical Evaluation of Calotropis procera Fruit-Derived Biochar for Carbofuran Adsorption: Kinetic, Isotherm, and Diffusion Studies. Journal of Physical Chemistry and Functional Materials. 2026 Jun. 1;9(1):56-63. doi:10.54565/jphcfum.1895224