Haematological, Serum Biochemical and Immunological Changes Associated with the Inclusion of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Meal in the Diet of Commercial Layer Chickens

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 8 - 15, 25.12.2018

Omolade A. Oladele , Oluwaseun O. Esan İyabo A. Adetiba İni L. Akpan Oluyemisi M. Adewale

Öz

This work
examined the impact of garlic as feed-inclusion on the hematology, serum
proteins and enzymes, as well as, immunity of layer chickens. Day-old Isa Brown
chicks (500) were separated into four groups, A, B, C and D (with each group
having three replicates of 42 or 43 each), placed in rearing and given garlic
meal in feed at a rate of 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 0%, 
respectively. Chickens (n=10, for each group) were randomly selected and
bled at 6, 13, 23, 42, 50 and 56 weeks of age for the assessment of
haematological parameters, serum proteins and enzymes using standard
procedures. ELISA methods were used to assess Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious
bursal disease (IBD), vaccinal immune response and interferon gamma (IFN-ɣ)
concentrations. Hemagglutination inhibition test was also used to determine ND
vaccinal immune response. Mean values were compared using Dunnett’s test
(p<0.05). PCV was significantly higher in Group D at 23 (29.7±0.78%) and 42
weeks-old (34.5±0.17%) while at 50 week-old, it was significantly higher in C
(32.5±0.5%) compared to control Group D (22.1±0.41%). Heterophilia in D at 13
week-old and lymphocytosis in B and C at 23 and 42 weeks-old resulted in
leucocytosis. Total protein values were lowest in D, albumin concentrations
were significantly higher in garlic groups at 42 and 56 weeks-old and globulin
concentrations were lowest in D.  AST
level was significantly higher in B at 42 week-old and in A and C at 56
week-old without corresponding increase in CK. Newcastle disease and IBD
antibody titers were significantly lower in D only at 6 week-old. Increase in
IFN-ɣ concentration post-challenge were 22 and 40 pg/ml in A and B,
respectively, while it decreased by 51 pg/ml in D. Thus, garlic feed inclusion
resulted in lymphocytosis, increased level of serum proteins and enhanced
cellular immunity in commercial layers. However, with prolonged use, it could
cause hepatocellular damage.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Chicken, Garlic, Haematology, Immunology

Kaynakça

• 1. Waibel, P.E., Abbott, O.J., Baurmann, C.A. and Bird, H.R., 1954. Disappearance of the growth response of chicks to antibiotics in an “old” environment. Poult Sc, 33: 1141.
• 2. Libby, D.A. and Schaible, P.J., 1955. Observations on growth responses to antibiotics and arsenic acids in poultry feeds. Science 121: 733.
• 3. Luo, N., Sahin, O., Lin, J., Michel, L.O., Zang, Q., 2003. In vivo selection of Campylobacter isolates with high levels of fluoroquinolones resistance associated with gyrA mutations and the function of the cmeABC efflux pump. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 47: 390-394.
• 4. Graham, J.P., Boland, J.J. and Silbergeld, E., 2007. Growth promoting antibiotics in food animal production: An economic analysis. Public Health Reports, 122: 79-87.
• 5. Casewell, M., Friis, C., Marco, E., McMullin, P., Phillips, I. 2003. The European-ban on growth promoting antibiotics and emerging consequences for human and animal health. J Antimicrob Chemother, 52:159-161.
• 6. Dipeolu, M.A., Akpan, N.J. and Olutayo, A., 2000. Residues of Tetracycline antibiotic in turkey and egg of chickens sold for human consumption. Poult Sci J, 1(1): 4-11.
• 7. Dipeolu, M.A., Eruvbetine, D. and Sowunmi, K.S., 2002. Tetracycline residue deposition in egg of layers fed antibiotics and enzyme supplemented feed. Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the Nigerian Society for Animal Production. 29: 292- 294.
• 8. Dipeolu, M.A., Adebayo, A.J. and Oke, M.O., 2004. Residues of Streptomycin antibiotic in commercial layers in Abeokuta and Ibadan metropolis. Nig J Anim Prod, 31(1): 130-134.
• 9. Javandel, F., Navidshad, B., Seifdavati, J., Pourrahimi, G.H. and Baniyaghoubi, S., 2008. The favourite dosage of garlic meal as a feed additive in broiler chicken ratios. Pak J Biol Sci, 11(13): 1746-1749.
• 10. Al-Harthi, M.A., 2002. Efficacy of vegetable diets with antibiotics and different types of spices or their mixtures on performance, economic efficiency and carcass traits of broilers. J Agr Sci Mansoura University, 27: 3531 – 3545.
• 11. El-Deek, A.A., Attia, Y.A. and Hannfy, M.M., 2002. Effect of anise (Pimpinella anisum), ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and their mixture on performance of broilers. Arch. Geflügelk., 67(2):92-96.
• 12. Dhama, K., Tiwari, R., Khan, R.U., Chakraborty, S., Gopi, M., Karthik, K., Saminathan, M., Desingu, P. A. and Sunkara, L. T., 2014. Growth promoters and novel feed additives improving poultry production and health, bioactive principles and beneficial applications: The trends and advances – A review, Int J Pharmacol, 10(3):129-159.
• 13. Adimoradi, M., Navidshad, B., Saif, D.J. and Royan, M., 2006. Effect of dietary garlic meal on histological structure of small intestine in broiler chickens, J Poult Sci, 43:378-83.
• 14. Konjufca, V.H., Pest, G.M. and Bakalli, R.I., 1997. Modulation of cholesterol levels in Broiler meat by dietary garlic and copper. Poult Sci, 76: 1264 – 1271.
• 15. Sivam, G.P., 2001. Protection against Helicobacter pylori and other bacterial infections by garlic. J Nutr, 13:1106S – 1108S.
• 16. Raham, M.S., 2007. Allicin and other functional active components of garlic: Health benefits and bioavalability. Int J Food Prop, 10: 245-268.
• 17. Jagdish, P. and Pandey, R.C. 1994. Effects of different levels garlic inclusions in the ratio cockerels on their growth rate and feed conversion ratio. Poult Adv, 27: 39 – 41.
• 18. Tollba, A.A. H and Hasan, M.S.H., 2003. Using some natural additives to improve physiological and productive performance of broiler chicks under high temperature conditions. Black cumin (Nigella sativa) or garlic (Allium sativum). Poult Sci, 23:327-340.
• 19. Oladele, O. and Bakare, H., 2011. Effects of garlic (Allium sativum) on growth performance and vaccinal immune response in commercial broilers. Conference Proceedings: 5th Pan Commonwealth Veterinary Association. Journal of Commonwealth Veterinary Association. Special issue, 27(2):243-247.
• 20. Campbell, T.W., 1988. Avian Hematology and Cytology. Ames, IA, Iowa State University Press.
• 21. OIE, 2012. Newcastle disease (Infection with Newcastle disease virus). OIE Terrestrial manual. Chapter2.3.14.
• 22. Lambrecht, B., Gonze, M., Meulemans, G. and van den Berg, T.P., 2000. Production of antibodies against chicken interferon-ɣ: demonstration of neutralizing activity and development of a quantitative ELISA. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 74; 137-144.
• 23. Igwe, A.O., Eze, D.C., Nwakudu, O.N., 2017. Haematological changes in Isa-Brown laying chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) experimentally infected with velogenic Newcastle disease virus. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 15(1): 27-35.
• 24. Aji, S.B., Ignatius, K., Ado, A.Y., Nuhu, J.B. and Abubakar, H., 2011. Effects of feeding onion (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum) on some performance characteristics of broiler chickens. Res J Poult Sci, 4(2): 22-27.
• 25. Philips, J.R., 2016. Lice of Poultry. MSD Veterinary Manual. Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ., USA.
• 26. Shohreh, F.G., Sina, F.G., Mohammad, R., 2014. The field efficacy of garlic extract against Dermanyssus gallinae in layer farms of Babol, Iran. Parasitol Res, 113(3): 1209-1213.
• 27. Militz, T.A., Southgate, P.C., Carton, A.G. and Hutson, K.S., 2014. Efficacy of garlic (Allium sativum) extract applied as a therapeutic immersion treatment for Neobenedenia sp. management in aquaculture. Journal of Fish Diseases, 37(5): 451-461.
• 28. Fadlalla, I.M.T., Mohammed, B.H. and Bakhiet, A. O. 2010. Effects of feeding garlic on the performance and immunity of broilers. Asian Journal of Poultry Science. Volume 4(4): 182-189.
• 29. Ojiegbu, F.N., Enenebeaku, M.N.O., Olabode, A.O., Igwe, A.C., Iliyasu, B., Abubakar, A., Bashir, A.Y. and Onyekwelu, N.A., 2006. The effect of garlic extracts on experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection of rabbits. Journal of Medical Laboratory Science, Volume 15(2) http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ jmls.v15i2.46896
• 30. Ghazanfari, T., Hassan, Z. and Ebrahimi, M., 2002. Immunomodulatory activity of a protein isolated from garlic extract on delayed type hupersensitivity. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2:1541-1549.
• 31. Nantz, M.P., Rowe, C.A., Muller, C.E., Creasy, R.A., Stanika, J.M., Percival, S.S. 2012. Supplementation with aged garlic improves both NK and –T cell function and reduces the severity of cold and flu symptoms: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled nutrition intervention. Clin Nutr 31(3): 337-44.
• 32. Jimoh, A.A., Olorode, B.R., Abubakar A., Fabiyi, J.P., Ibitoye, E.B., Sulaiman, N. and Garba S., 2012. Lipid profile and haematological indices of broiler chickens fed garlic (Allium sativum)- supplemented diets. J Vet Adv, 2(10):474-480.
• 33. Chaiyasit, K. and Wiwanitkit, V. 2013. Change of platelet count after receiving of garlic supplementation: An observation in cancerous patient. Ann Trop Med Public Health 2013;6:378
• 34. Doneley, B. 2011. Avian Medicine & Surgery in Practice: Campanion and Aviary Birds. Manson Publishing Ltd. UK.
• 35. Rana, S.V., Pal, R., Vaiphei, K. and Singh K., 2006. Garlic hepatotoxicity: safe dose of garlic. Trop Gastroenterol, 27(1): 26-30. 36. OIE, 2008. Infectious bursal disease. OIE Terrestrial Manual. Chapter 2.3.12
• 37. Isaacs, A. and Lindenmann, J. 1957. Virus intereference. I. The intereferon. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biol Sci. 147(927):258-267.
• 38. Boehm, U., Klamp, T., Groot, M. and Howard, J.C., 1997. Cellular responses to interferon-gamma. Annu Rev Immunol 15: 749-795.
• 39. Young, H.A., 1996. Regulation of interferon-gamma gene expression. J Interferon Cytokine Res 16(8): 56-568.
• 40. Bach, E A., Aguet, M. and Shreier, R.D., 1997. The IFN gamma receptor: a paradigm for cytokine receptor signaling. Annu Rev Immunol 15: 563- 591.
• 41. Gessani, S. and Belardelli, F. 1998. Interferon-gamma expression in macrophage and its possible biological significance. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 9(2): 117-123.
• 42. Flaishon, L., Hershkoviz, R., Lantner, F., Lider, O., Alon, R., Levo, Y., Flavell, R.A. and Shachar, I., 2000. Autocrine secretion of interferon gamma negatively regulates homing of immature B cells. J Exp Med. 192(9): 1381-1388.
• 43. Jonasch, E. and Haluska, F.G., 2001. Interferon in oncological practice: review of interferon biology, clinical applications and toxicities. Oncologist 6(1):34-55.
• 44. Frucht, D.M., Fukao, T., Bogdan, C., Schindler, H., O’Shea, J.J. and Koyasu, S., 2001. Intereferon-gamma production by antigen presenting cell: mechanisms emerge. Trends Immunol, 22(10) 556-560.
• 45. Sen, G.C., 2001. Viruses and interferons. Ann Rev Microbiol, 55(1):255- 281.
• 46. Arreola, R., Quintero-Fabian, S., Lopez-Roa, R.I., Flores-Gutierrez, E.O., Reyes-Grajeda, J.P., Carrera-Quintanar, L. and Ortuno-Sahaghun, D. 2015. Immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory effects of garlic compounds. J immunol Res 2015; 2015:401630 doi:10.1155/2015/401630.