Properties of Chlorogenic Acid as a Skin Fibroblast Antiaging Agent with Apoptosis Inhibition and Free Radical Scavenging Activities

Year 2025, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 159 - 167, 03.03.2025

Ermi Girsang Nyoman Ehrich Lister Chrismis Novalinda Ginting Wahyu Widowati , Afif Yati Hanna Sari Widya Kusuma , Rizal Azis

https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1628594

Abstract

Aging is a skin phenomenon that is caused intrinsically by tissue degeneration and extrinsically by environmental toxicity including ultraviolet (UV) exposure, manifested as wrinkles and skin damage respectively. Chlorogenic acid (CA) possesses roles as antiinflammation and antioxidation by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present study examined CA anti-aging activities toward skin fibroblast (BJ) cells induced by UV. Antiaging properties of CA were analyzed by assessing the levels of collagen-1α1 (COL-1α1), elastin (ELN), 8-hydroxy 2 deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), melatonin (MT), and hyaluronidase (HAase), and by quantifying the percentages of living cells, dead cells. CA treatment on aging cells diminished the 8-OHdG, HAase, and a percentage of apoptotic cells. It also improved the levels of COL-1α1, ELN, MT, and the proportion of living cells. This study proved CA ability as an antiaging agent through its roles as a free radical scavenger and anti-apoptotic agent.

Keywords

antiaging , chlorogenic acid , fibroblast , skin , UV

References

• [1] Bocheva G, Slominski RM, Janjetovic Z, Kim TK, Böhm M, Steinbrink K, Steinbrink K, Reiter RJ, Kleszczynski K, Slominski AT. Protective role of melatonin and its metabolites in skin aging. Int J Mol Sci. 2022; 23(3): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031238
• [2] Hernandez DF, Cervantes EL, Luna-vital DA, Mojica L. Food-derived bioactive compounds with anti-aging potential and cosmeceutical products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nut. 2021; 61(22): 3740-3755. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1805407
• [3] Widowati W, Rani AP, Hamzah RA, Arumwardana S, Afifah E, Kusuma HSW, Rihibiha DD, Nufus H, Amalia A. Antioxidant and antiaging assays of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract and its compounds. Nat Prod Sci. 2017; 23(3): 192-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.20307/nps.2017.23.3.192
• [4] Girsang E, Lister INE, Ginting CN, Nasution SL, Suhartina S, Munshy UZ, Rizal R, Widowati W. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of chlorogenic acid on lead-induced fibroblast cells. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2019a (1374): 1-8. 10.1088/1742-6596/1374/1/012006
• [5] Lee L, and Liu S. Pathogenesis of photoaging in human dermal fibroblasts. Int J Dermatol Venereol. 2020; 3(1): 37 42. 10.1097/JD9.0000000000000068
• [6] Asan T, Lister INE, Fachrial E, Amalia A, Widowati W, Samin B, Liena L. Potency of black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) extract and daidzein as antioxidant and antihyaluronidase. Trad Med J. 2019; 24 (1): 52-58. 10.22146/mot.43615
• [7] West B, Deng S, Palu. Vitamin C, grape seed extract and citrus bioflavonoids protect the skin against photoaging: A review. J Biosci Med. 2020; 2020 (8): 116-134. 10.4236/jbm.2020.812012
• [8] Liang N, and Kitts DD. Role of chlorogenic acids in controlling oxidative and inflammatory stress conditions. Nutrients. 2016; 8(1): 1-20. 10.3390/nu8010016
• [9] Ahmed IA, Mikail MA, Zamakshshari N, Abdullah AH. Natural anti-aging skincare: role and potential. Biogerontol. 2020; 21(3): 293-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-020-09865-z
• [10] Girsang E, Lister INE, Ginting CN, Khu A, Samin B, Widowati W, Wibowo S, Rizal R. Chemical constituents of snake fruit (Salacca zalacca (Gaert.) Voss) peel and in silico anti-aging analysis. Moll Cell Biomed Sci. 2019; 3(2): 122 128. https://doi.org/10.21705/mcbs.v3i2.80
• [11] Santana-Gálvez J, Cisneros-Zevallos L, Jacobo-Velázquez DA. Chlorogenic acid: recent advances on its dual role as a food additive and a nutraceutical against metabolic syndrome. Molecules. 2017; 22(3): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22030358
• [12] Girsang E, Ginting CN, Lister INE, Yashfa GK, Widowati W. Anti-inflammatory and antiaging properties of chlorogenic acid on UV-induced fibroblast cell. PeerJ. 2021; 7(2021): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11419
• [13] Wlaschek M, Maity P, Makrantonaki E, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Connective tissue and fibroblast senescence in skin aging. J Invest Dermatol. 2021; 141(4): 985-992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2020.11.010
• [14] Moretti L, Stalfort J, Barker TH, Abebayehu D. The interplay of fibroblasts, the extracellular matrix, and inflammation in scar formation. J Biol Chem. 2022; 298(2): 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101530
• [15] Pattananandecha T, Apichai S, Julsrigival J, Ungsurungsie M, Samuhasaneetoo S, Chulasiri P, Kwankhao P, Pitiporn S, Ogata F, Kawasaki N, Saenjum C. Antioxidant activity and anti-photoaging effects on UVA-irradiated human fibroblasts of rosmarinic acid enriched extract prepared from Thunbergia laurifolia leaves. Plants. 2021; 10(8): 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081648
• [16] Xuan SH, Lee NH, Park SN. Atractyligenin, a terpenoid isolated from coffee silverskin, inhibits cutaneous photoaging. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2019; 194: 166-173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.04.002
• [17] Redza-Dutordoir M, Averill-Bates DA. Activation of apoptosis signalling pathways by reactive oxygen species. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016; 1863(12): 2977-2992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.09.012
• [18] Luceri C, Bigagli E, Fernia AP, Caderni G, Giovannelli L, Lodovici M. Aging related changes in circulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protein carbonyls are indicative of liver oxidative injury. Toxicol Rep. 2018; 5(2018): 141 145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.12.017
• [19] Warsito MF, and Kusumawati IK. The impact of herbal products and the prevention, regeneration, and delay of skin aging. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019; 1178 (9): 155-174. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25650-0_9
• [20] Choi SI, Lee JH, Kim JM, Jung TD, Cho BY, Choi SH, Lee DW, Kim J, Kin JY, Lee OH. Ulmus macrocarpa hance extracts attenuated H2O2 and UVB-induced skin photo-aging by activating antioxidant enzymes and inhibiting MAPK pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2017; 18(6): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18061200
• [21] Kaddurah H, Braunberger TL, Vellaichamy G, Nahhas F, Lim HW, Hamzavi IH. The impact of sunlight on skin aging. Curr Geratr Rep. 2018; 7(4): 228-237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13670-018-0262-0
• [22] Garg C, Sharma H, Garg M. Skin photo-protection with phytochemicals against photo-carcinogenesis, signal transduction pathways and extracellular matrix remodelling-An overview. Ageing Res Rev. 2020; 62(2020): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101127
• [23] Rusanova I, Matinez-Ruiz L, Florido J, Rodriguez-Santana C, Guerra-Librero A, Acuna-Castroviejo D, Escames G. Protective effects of melatonin on the skin: future perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20(4948): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194948
• [24] Pham TLB, Thi TT, Nguyen HTT, Lao TD, Binh NT, Nguyen QD. Anti-aging effects of a serum based on coconut oil combined with deer antler stem cell extract on a mouse model of skin aging. Cells. 2022; 11(4): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11040597
• [25] Hwang I, Choi KA, Kim M, Hong S. Neural stem cells and the secreted proteins TIMPs ameliorate UVB-induced skin photodamage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019; 518(2): 388-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.068
• [26] Xue N, Liu Y, Jin J, Ji M, Chen X. Chlorogenic Acid Prevents UVA-Induced Skin Photoaging through Regulating Collagen Metabolism and Apoptosis in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci. 2022; 23(13): 1-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136941
• [27] Chen J, Xie H, Chen D, Yu B, Mao X, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo Y, Luo J, He J. Chlorogenic acid improves intestinal development via suppressing mucosa inflammation and cell apoptosis in weaned pigs. ACS Omega. 2018, 3(2): 2211–2219. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b01971
• [28] Ali N, Rashid S, Nafees S, Hasan SK, Shahid A, Majed F, Sultana S. Protective effect of chlorogenic acid against methotrexate induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in rat live: an experimental approach. Chem Biol Interactions. 2017; 272: 80-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2017.05.002
• [29] Li L, Tong A, Zhang Q, Wei Y, Wei X. The molecular mechanisms of MLKL-dependent and MLKL-independent necrosis. J Mol Cell Biol. 2021; 13(1): 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmcb/mjaa055
• [30] Pujimulyani D, Suryani CL, Setyowati A, Handayani RAS, Arumwardana A, Widowati W, et al. Cosmeceutical Potentials of Curcuma mangga Val. Extract in Human BJ Fibroblast against MMP1, MMP3, and MMP13. Heliyon. 2020; 6 (9): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04921
• [31] Lister INE, Ginting CN, Girsang E, Nataya ED, Azizah AM, Widowati W. Hepatoprotective properties of red betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav) leaves extract towards H2O2-induced HepG2 cells via anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, antioxidant potency. Saud Pharm J. 2020; 28(10): 1182–1189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.08.007
• [32] Widowati W, Jasaputra DK, Onggowidjaja P, Sumitro SB, Widodo MA, Afifah E, et al. Effects of conditioned medium of co-culture IL-2 induced NK cells and human Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal stem cells (hWJMSCs) on apoptotic gene expression in a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). J Math Fund Sci. 2019; 51(3): 205–224. https://doi.org/10.5614/j.math.fund.sci.2019.51.3