Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens L. (DC.)) leaf ointment: candidate for standardized natural anti-inflammatory drug ingredients based on local wisdom

Fadilaturahmah Fadilaturahmah; Resti Rahayu; Putra Santoso

doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1677318

Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens L. (DC.)) leaf ointment: candidate for standardized natural anti-inflammatory drug ingredients based on local wisdom

Abstract

Skin inflammation is a serious problem that must be addressed. The use of steroid and non-steroid drugs is effective as an anti-inflammatory but has many side effects. One of the natural ingredients used by the community as an anti-inflammatory is the leaves of the velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens L. (DC.)). This study aims to prove that velvet bean leaf ointment is effective as an anti-inflammatory, which is indicated by improvements in the morphology and structure of the skin tissue of mice experiencing inflammation. The research method is an experiment with a completely randomized design consisting of 6 treatments with five replications (normal, negative control, positive control, and velvet bean leaf ointment at 200, 400, and 600 mg/kgBW). Quantitative data were analyzed using Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the use of ointments of 200 and 400 mg/kgBW was able to improve the morphology of the skin of mice experiencing inflammation, which was indicated by a significant decrease in the thickness of the back folds (P <0.05) and had the highest anti-inflammatory power of 35.77%. In addition, 200 mg/kg BW ointment improved the histological structure of the inflamed mouse skin tissue because it significantly reduced the dermis layer's thickness and the number of inflammatory cells in the dermis layer (P<0.05). Therefore, the velvet bean leaf ointment has great potential to be developed into a standardized anti-inflammatory drug because it effectively improves the morphology and histological structure of the inflamed mouse skin tissue.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Thank you to Universitas Negeri Padang and Universitas Andalas for facilitating the implementation of this research.

Project Number

Contract No. 086/E5/PG.02.00.PT/2022; PIC Dr. Putra Santoso

Ethical Statement

All procedures and treatments of test animals were carried out based on the approval of the Andalas University Research Ethics Committee (No.612/UN.16.2/KEP-FK/2022).

Thanks

Thank you to the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology for the funds provided for research through the National Competitive Program, namely the Postgraduate Research Scheme Master Thesis Research

References

[1] Meizlish ML, Franklin RA, Zhou X, Medzhitov R. Tissue homeostasis and inflammation. Annual review of immunology. 2021;39(1):557-81. April 2021). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-061020-053734
[2] Zanoli L, Briet M, Empana JP, Cunha PG, Mäki-Petäjä KM, Protogerou AD, Tedgui A, Touyz RM, Schiffrin EL, Spronck B, Bouchard P. Vascular consequences of inflammation: a position statement from the ESH Working Group on Vascular Structure and Function and the ARTERY Society. Journal of hypertension. 2020;38(9):1682-98. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002508
[3] Aimo A, Castiglione V, Borrelli C, Saccaro LF, Franzini M, Masi S, Emdin M, Giannoni A. Oxidative stress and inflammation in the evolution of heart failure: from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies. European journal of preventive cardiology. 2020;27(5):494-510. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487319870344
[4] Paglia MD, Silva MT, Lopes LC, Barberato-Filho S, Mazzei LG, Abe FC, de Cássia Bergamaschi C. Use of corticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0248866. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248866
[5] Tai FW, McAlindon ME. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical Medicine. 2021;21(2):131-4. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248866
[6] Kholmurodovich UF. Damage to the digestive system when using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. European journal of modern medicine and practice. 2022;2(1):6-16.
[7] Klomjit N, Ungprasert P. Acute kidney injury associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. European journal of internal medicine. 2022;101:21-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2022.05.003
[8] Bala, V., Debnath, A., Shill, A.K., and Bose, U. Anti-Inflammatory, Diuretic, and Antibacterial Activities of Aerial Parts of Mucuna pruriens Linn. International Journal of Pharmacy. 2011;7(4):498-503. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2011.498.503

[9] Fadilaturahmah F, Rahayu R, Santoso P. Anti-inflammatory effects of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens L.(DC.), Fabaceae) leaf ethanolic extract against carrageenan in male mice. Journal of Research in Pharmacy. 2023;27(4):1524-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/jrp.438
[10] Osorio-Tobón JF. Recent advances and comparisons of conventional and alternative extraction techniques of phenolic compounds. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2020;57:4299-315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04433-2
[11] Nakagawa H, Nemoto O, Igarashi A, Saeki H, Murata R, Kaino H, Nagata T. Long‐term safety and efficacy of delgocitinib ointment, a topical Janus kinase inhibitor, in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. The Journal of dermatology. 2020;47(2):114-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.15173
[12] Lin CF, Chuang SY, Huang TH, Nguyen TM, Wang PW, Alalaiwe A, Fang JY. A systematic comparison of the effect of topically applied anthraquinone aglycones to relieve psoriasiform lesion: the evaluation of percutaneous absorption and anti-inflammatory potency. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2022 Jan 1;145:112482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112482
[13] Hadeya MA. Routes of Drug Administration. InPharmaceutics 2024 Jan 1 (pp. 537-554). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99796-6.00006-0
[14] Eteraf-Oskouei T, Mirak SM, Najafi M. Anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenesis effects of verapamil on rat air pouch inflammation model. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2017;7(4):585. https://doi.org/10.15171/apb.2017.070
[15] Oh JS, Seong GS, Kim YD, Choung SY. Deacetylasperulosidic acid ameliorates pruritus, immune imbalance, and skin barrier dysfunction in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis NC/Nga mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;23(1):226. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010226
[16] Trinh XT, Long NV, Van Anh LT, Nga PT, Giang NN, Chien PN, Nam SY, Heo CY. A comprehensive review of natural compounds for wound healing: targeting bioactivity perspective. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23(17):9573. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179573
[17] Mamun AA, Shao C, Geng P, Wang S, Xiao J. Recent advances in molecular mechanisms of skin wound healing and its treatments. Frontiers in Immunology. 2024;15:1395479. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1395479
[18] Andrie M, Sihombing D. Effectiveness of an Ointment Containing Snakehead Fish Extract (Channa striata) in the Healing Process of Open Stage II Acute Wounds in Male Wistar Rats. Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2017;4(2): 4. https://doi.org/10.7454/psr.v4i2.3602
[19] Jurca T, Józsa L, Suciu R, Pallag A, Marian E, Bácskay I, Mureșan M, Stan RL, Cevei M, Cioară F, Vicaș L. Formulation of topical dosage forms containing synthetic and natural anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Molecules. 2020;26(1):24. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010024
[20] Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, Li Y, Wang X, Zhao L. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget. 2017;9(6):7204.
[21] Ahmed A, Al Tamimi DM, Isab AA, Alkhawajah AM, Shawarby MA. Histological changes in kidney and liver of rats due to gold (III) compound [Au (en) Cl2] Cl. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e51889. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051889
[22] Mallabo MR, Corpuz MJ, Salonga RB, Vasquez RD. Inhibitory effect of sulfated polysaccharide from codium edule PC silva against 2.4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced allergic contact dermatitis on female BALB/c mice. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2021;12(2):410. https://doi.org/10.34172/apb.2022.042
[23] Nguyen AV, Soulika AM. The dynamics of the skin’s immune system. International journal of molecular sciences. 2019;20(8):1811. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081811
[24] Ryu HJ, Park JH, Choi M, Jung JH, Han K, Kwon DY, Kim DH, Park YG. Parkinson’s disease and skin cancer risk: a nationwide population‐based cohort study in Korea. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2020;34(12):2775-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16462
[25] Robb CT, Regan KH, Dorward DA, Rossi AG. Key mechanisms governing resolution of lung inflammation. InSeminars in immunopathology 2016 Jul (Vol. 38, pp. 425-448). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-016-0560-6
[26] Niknahad H, Heidari R, Firuzi R, Abazari F, Ramezani M, Azarpira N, Hosseinzadeh M, Najibi A, Saeedi A. Concurrent inflammation augments antimalarial drugs-induced liver injury in rats. Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin. 2016;6(4):617. https://doi.org/10.15171/apb.2016.076
[27] Nurdiana, Ikhda, U., and Putu, R.A.P. Effect of Administration of Jasmine Leaf Extract Gel (Jasmine sambac) on the Number of Skin Fibroblasts in Healing Grade II A Burns in White Rats. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan. 2016; 4(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.21776/UB.JIK.2016.004.01.1
[28] Hu MS, Moore AL, Longaker MT. A fibroblast is not a fibroblast is not a fibroblast. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2018;138(4):729-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.10.012
[29] Nencini S, Thai J, Ivanusic JJ. Sequestration of artemin reduces inflammation‐induced activation and sensitization of bone marrow nociceptors in a rodent model of carrageenan‐induced inflammatory bone pain. European Journal of Pain. 2019;23(2):397-409. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1315
[30] Sadati MS, Alesana F, Hekmat M, Parvizi MM. Efficacy of Topical Rosemary Extract Lotion versus Topical 2% Ketoconazole Lotion in the Treatment of Seborrheic Dermatitis: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Dermatology Practical & Conceptual. 2024 Oct 30;14(4):e2024242. https://doi.org/10.5826/dpc.1404a242
[31] Navarro-Triviño FJ, Ayén-Rodríguez Á. Study of hypersensitivity to Malassezia furfur in patients with atopic dermatitis with head and neck pattern: is it useful as a biomarker and therapeutic indicator in these patients?. Life. 2022 Feb 16;12(2):299. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12020299
[32] Cai KJ, Su SQ, Wang YG, Zeng YM. Dexamethasone versus prednisone or prednisolone for acute pediatric asthma exacerbations in the emergency department: a meta-analysis. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2021 Dec 1;37(12):e1139-44. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001926
[33] Motafeghi F, Mortazavi P, Ghassemi-Barghi N, Zahedi M, Shokrzadeh M. Dexamethasone as an anti-cancer or hepatotoxic. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods. 2023 Feb 12;33(2):161-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2022.2105183
[34] Agoes, G. Development of Pharmaceutical Preparations. Bandung: Insititut Teknologi Bandung Press; 2006.
[35] Kaczorová D, Peč J, Béres T, Štefelová N, Ćavar Zeljković S, Trojan V, Janatová AK, Klouček P, Tarkowski P. Phytocannabinoid-rich galenic preparations for topical administration: extraction and stability testing. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2023;14:1230728. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1230728/full
[36] Kwon B, Hong SY, Kim EY, Kim JH, Kim M, Park JH, Sohn Y, Jung HS. Effect of cone of pinus densiflora on DNCB-induced allergic contact dermatitis-like skin lesion in Balb/c Mice. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):839. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030839.
[37] Ku JM, Hong SH, Kim SR, Choi HS, Kim HI, Kim DU, Oh SM, Seo HS, Kim TY, Shin YC, Cheon C. The prevention of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced inflammation in atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in BALB/c mice by Jawoongo. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2018;18:1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2280-z
[38] Kim EY, Hong S, Kim JH, Kim M, Lee Y, Sohn Y, Jung HS. Effects of chloroform fraction of Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus on atopic symptoms in a DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesion model and in vitro models. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2021;281:114453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114453
[39] Krishna, A.B., Hemanth, K.M., Vinay, K.S., and Niti, S. Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats with Mucuna pruriens Seed Extract. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Reasearch. 2016; 6(2):1-5.
[40] Sardjono RE, Musthapa IS, Qowiyah A, Rachmawati RA. Acute toxicity evaluation of ethanol extract of Indonesian velvet beans. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2017;9(5):161-5. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i5.16284
[41] OECD. 2002. Testing Guideline 404: OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals. Dermal Irritation/ Corrosion.
[42] Mekonnen A, Tesfaye S, Christos SG, Dires K, Zenebe T, Zegeye N, Shiferaw Y, Lulekal E. Evaluation of skin irritation and acute and subacute oral toxicity of Lavandula angustifolia essential oils in rabbit and mice. Journal of toxicology. 2019;2019(1):5979546. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5979546
[43] Gebrehiwot M, Asres K, Bisrat D, Mazumder A, Lindemann P, Bucar F. Evaluation of the wound healing property of Commiphora guidottii Chiov. ex. Guid. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2015;15:1-1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0813-2
[44] Dasopang Es, Nasution J, Suharyanto A, Chandra Rh, Pratama I. Hispathology And Effectiveness of Wound Healing Cream Karo Oil Herbal Extract On Male Mice In North Sumatra, Indonesia. Nveo-Natural Volatiles & Essential Oils Journal. 2021:2769-77.
[45] Zayac AS, Olszewski AJ. Burkitt lymphoma: bridging the gap between advances in molecular biology and therapy. Leukemia & lymphoma. 2020;61(8):1784-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428194.2020.1747068

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Fadilaturahmah Fadilaturahmah
0000-0001-7370-4066
Indonesia

Resti Rahayu
0000-0002-8882-0593
Indonesia

Putra Santoso ^*
0000-0003-4092-6222
Indonesia

Publication Date

March 15, 2026

Submission Date

April 16, 2025

Acceptance Date

September 16, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 30 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1677318

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA69WD49YK

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Fadilaturahmah, F., Rahayu, R., & Santoso, P. (2026). Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens L. (DC.)) leaf ointment: candidate for standardized natural anti-inflammatory drug ingredients based on local wisdom. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 30(2), 553-568. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1677318

AMA

1.Fadilaturahmah F, Rahayu R, Santoso P. Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens L. (DC.)) leaf ointment: candidate for standardized natural anti-inflammatory drug ingredients based on local wisdom. J. Res. Pharm. 2026;30(2):553-568. doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1677318

Chicago

Fadilaturahmah, Fadilaturahmah, Resti Rahayu, and Putra Santoso. 2026. “Velvet Bean (Mucuna Pruriens L. (DC.)) Leaf Ointment: Candidate for Standardized Natural Anti-Inflammatory Drug Ingredients Based on Local Wisdom”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 30 (2): 553-68. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1677318.

EndNote

Fadilaturahmah F, Rahayu R, Santoso P (March 1, 2026) Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens L. (DC.) leaf ointment: candidate for standardized natural anti-inflammatory drug ingredients based on local wisdom. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 30 2 553–568.

IEEE

[1]F. Fadilaturahmah, R. Rahayu, and P. Santoso, “Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens L. (DC.)) leaf ointment: candidate for standardized natural anti-inflammatory drug ingredients based on local wisdom”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 553–568, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.12991/jrespharm.1677318.

ISNAD

Fadilaturahmah, Fadilaturahmah - Rahayu, Resti - Santoso, Putra. “Velvet Bean (Mucuna Pruriens L. (DC.)) Leaf Ointment: Candidate for Standardized Natural Anti-Inflammatory Drug Ingredients Based on Local Wisdom”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 30/2 (March 1, 2026): 553-568. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1677318.

JAMA

1.Fadilaturahmah F, Rahayu R, Santoso P. Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens L. (DC.)) leaf ointment: candidate for standardized natural anti-inflammatory drug ingredients based on local wisdom. J. Res. Pharm. 2026;30:553–568.

MLA

Fadilaturahmah, Fadilaturahmah, et al. “Velvet Bean (Mucuna Pruriens L. (DC.)) Leaf Ointment: Candidate for Standardized Natural Anti-Inflammatory Drug Ingredients Based on Local Wisdom”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 30, no. 2, Mar. 2026, pp. 553-68, doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1677318.

Vancouver

1.Fadilaturahmah Fadilaturahmah, Resti Rahayu, Putra Santoso. Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens L. (DC.)) leaf ointment: candidate for standardized natural anti-inflammatory drug ingredients based on local wisdom. J. Res. Pharm. 2026 Mar. 1;30(2):553-68. doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1677318