Enhancing 6-Shogaol Bioavailability via β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Efficacy in Breast Cancer

Harshada Patil; Shital Patil; Gandhali Koshti; Kiran Wadkar

doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1684429

Enhancing 6-Shogaol Bioavailability via β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Efficacy in Breast Cancer

Abstract

6-Shogaol, a bioactive phytochemical derived from Zingiber officinale, demonstrates potent anticancer activity but is hindered by poor aqueous solubility, instability, pungent odor, and low bioavailability. This study aimed to enhance 6-Shogaol’s solubility and therapeutic efficacy through β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complexation and evaluate its anticancer potential in breast cancer cells. Additionally, the study explores the co-formulation of 6-Shogaol with a β-CD inclusion complex of allicin to enhance cytotoxic potential. Inclusion complexes were prepared using physical mixture, kneading, solvent evaporation, and co-precipitation methods. The optimal complex (1:1 drug: β-CD ratio) was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and phase-solubility studies. Solubility, dissolution, and cytotoxicity were assessed in MCF-7 cells via MTT assay. The physical mixture method achieved the highest solubility enhancement (from 0.96 ± 0.02 to 3.14 ± 0.10 mg/mL), with drug loading (50.00% ± 0.075) and entrapment efficiency (76.05% ± 0.99). The stability constant (Kc = 2119.04 M⁻¹) confirmed robust complexation. In-vitro dissolution showed 95.26 ± 0.7% drug release within 2 hours. The β-CD complex exhibited improved cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ = 69.67 ± 2.3 µg/mL) versus the free drug (IC₅₀ = 95.66 ± 2.1 µg/mL), while the co-delivery of 6-Shogaol with allicin further enhanced cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ = 23.32 µg/mL). β-CD complexation significantly improved 6-Shogaol’s solubility, stability, and anticancer activity. The combination of 6-Shogaol and allicin β-CD complexes demonstrated enhanced cytotoxic potential, highlighting a promising phytopharmaceutical strategy for breast cancer therapy.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Pharmaceutical Delivery Technologies

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Harshada Patil ^*
0000-0002-7893-2364
India

Shital Patil This is me
India

Gandhali Koshti This is me
India

Kiran Wadkar This is me
0000-0002-4312-6223
India

Publication Date

March 15, 2026

Submission Date

April 30, 2025

Acceptance Date

July 3, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 30 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1684429

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA44ED76JS

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Patil, H., Patil, S., Koshti, G., & Wadkar, K. (2026). Enhancing 6-Shogaol Bioavailability via β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Efficacy in Breast Cancer. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 30(2), 503-515. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1684429

AMA

1.Patil H, Patil S, Koshti G, Wadkar K. Enhancing 6-Shogaol Bioavailability via β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Efficacy in Breast Cancer. J. Res. Pharm. 2026;30(2):503-515. doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1684429

Chicago

Patil, Harshada, Shital Patil, Gandhali Koshti, and Kiran Wadkar. 2026. “Enhancing 6-Shogaol Bioavailability via β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Efficacy in Breast Cancer”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 30 (2): 503-15. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1684429.

EndNote

Patil H, Patil S, Koshti G, Wadkar K (March 1, 2026) Enhancing 6-Shogaol Bioavailability via β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Efficacy in Breast Cancer. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 30 2 503–515.

IEEE

[1]H. Patil, S. Patil, G. Koshti, and K. Wadkar, “Enhancing 6-Shogaol Bioavailability via β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Efficacy in Breast Cancer”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 503–515, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.12991/jrespharm.1684429.

ISNAD

Patil, Harshada - Patil, Shital - Koshti, Gandhali - Wadkar, Kiran. “Enhancing 6-Shogaol Bioavailability via β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Efficacy in Breast Cancer”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 30/2 (March 1, 2026): 503-515. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1684429.

JAMA

1.Patil H, Patil S, Koshti G, Wadkar K. Enhancing 6-Shogaol Bioavailability via β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Efficacy in Breast Cancer. J. Res. Pharm. 2026;30:503–515.

MLA

Patil, Harshada, et al. “Enhancing 6-Shogaol Bioavailability via β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Efficacy in Breast Cancer”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 30, no. 2, Mar. 2026, pp. 503-15, doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1684429.

Vancouver

1.Harshada Patil, Shital Patil, Gandhali Koshti, Kiran Wadkar. Enhancing 6-Shogaol Bioavailability via β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Efficacy in Breast Cancer. J. Res. Pharm. 2026 Mar. 1;30(2):503-15. doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1684429