Antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase activities and characterization of phenolic compounds for some plants from the Marmara Region, Türkiye

Zehra İlke Meriç; Ebru Özdemir Nath; Ahmet Doğan; Leyla Bitiş

Antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase activities and characterization of phenolic compounds for some plants from the Marmara Region, Türkiye

Abstract

In this study, antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and sun protection factor (SPF) values of 26 extracts obtained from 24 plants naturally grown in the Marmara Region were investigated, and phenolic compound characterization of 8 active plants was performed. All of the plants mentioned in this study have been evaluated for their Sun Protection Factor (SPF) values for the first time, as well as 3 of them evaluated for antioxidant activity and 15 of them evaluated for tyrosinase inhibition for the first time. The results showed that the plant extracts generally exhibited high antioxidant activities. In terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity, Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay exhibited a very close IC50 value (0.038 mg/mL) to the standard compounds, ascorbic acid and quercetin. Plantago major L. subsp. intermedia (Gilib.) Lange demonstrated the highest CUPRAC radical scavenging activity (0.187 mM ascorbic acid equivalent). Hypericum perforatum L. was determined to have the highest total phenolic content (0.268 mg GAE g/extract). Among the plant extracts, Sambucus ebulus L. fruit extract exhibited the highest tyrosinase inhibition (IC50 0.08 mg/mL), showing a similar effect to the standard compound kojic acid. The extract with the highest SPF value was calculated Inula oculus-christi L. extract, with a value of 28.55. The phenolic compound analysis of eight plants, which have been determined to exhibit high efficacy in both antioxidant activities and tyrosinase inhibition, was conducted. Some of phenolic compounds obtained from these eight plants were novel for these species. According to the experiments conducted in this study, Euphorbia helioscopia has high potential as natural sources of antioxidants and skin whiteners.

Keywords

References

[1] Gerschman R, Gilbert DL, Nye SW, Dwyer P, Fenn WO. Oxygen Poisoning and X-Irradiation: A Mechanism in Common. Science. 1954; 119: 623-626. https://doi.org/10.1126/sageke.2005.17.cp1
[2] Halliwell B. Antioxidant Defence Mechanisms: From the Beginning to the End (of the Beginning), Free Radic Res, 1999; 31(4): 261–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715769900300841
[3] Djordjevic VB. Free Radicals in Cell Biology, Int Rev Cytol, 2004; 237: 57–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(04)37002-6
[4] Zengin G. PhD Thesis. Türkiye’de Yayılış Gösteren Bazı Asphodeline RCHB. (Liliaceae) Taksonlarının Antioksidan Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey, 2015.
[5] Karademir B. MSc Thesis. Bazı Pestisidlerin Lipid Peroksidasyonu ve Antioksidan Enzimler Üzerine Etkilerinin in vitro Araştırılması. Institute of Graduate Studies in Health, İstanbul University, Fatih, İstanbul, Turkey, 2005.
[6] Shinde A, Ganu J, Naik P. Effect of Free Radicals & Antioxidants on Oxidative Stress: A Review. Journal of Dental & Allied Sciences. 2012; 1(2): 63-66. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-4696.159144
[7] Tok S. PhD Thesis. Antioksidan-Oksidan Etkileşimlerinin Oksidatif Stres ve Farklı Hücre Ölüm Süreçlerine Etkisi. Institute of Graduate Studies in Health, İstanbul University, Fatih, İstanbul, Turkey, 2015.
[8] Brown K, Molcan E, Rajendriran E, Nusrat A, Baker J, Ruscheinsky S, Gibson DL Free Radicals and Gastrointestinal Disorders. In: Laher, I. (eds) Systems Biology of Free Radicals and Antioxidants. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30018-9_137

[9] O’Connor PM, Schreck CM, Evans RG. Oxygen, Free Radicals, and the Kidney. In: Laher, I. (eds) Systems Biology of Free Radicals and Antioxidants. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30018-9_112
[10] Fujii J, Tsunoda S, Kimura N. Antithetical roles of reactive oxygen. In: Laher, I. (eds) (eds) Systems Biology of Free Radicals and Antioxidants. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2014 pp. 2705–2721. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30018-9_108
[11] Duris K, Rolland WB, Zhang JH. Stroke pathophysiology and reactive oxygen species. In: Laher, I. (eds) Systems Biology of Free Radicals and Antioxidants. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2014 pp. 1979–1997. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30018-9_79
[12] Miller AA, De Silva TM, Drummond GR, Sobey CG, Chrissobolis S. Reactive Oxygen Species and Cerebrovascular Diseases. In: Laher, I. (eds) Systems Biology of Free Radicals and Antioxidants. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2014 pp. 1895–1924. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30018-9_78
[13] Tang, V., Wang, JF. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Bipolar Disorder. In: Laher, I. (eds) Systems Biology of Free Radicals and Antioxidants. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 2014 pp. 2411–2429. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30018-9_83
[14] Breheny D. Environmental Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Cancer. In: Laher, I. (eds) Systems Biology of Free Radicals and Antioxidants. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 2014 pp. 2853–2872. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30018-9_119
[15] Khan MTH. Molecular design of tyrosinase inhibitors: A critical review of promising novel inhibitors from synthetic origins. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2007; 79/12): 2277–2295. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200779122277
[16] Polatoğlu İ. Tirozinaz Enzim Aktivitesi Üzerine Reaksiyon Parametre Etkilerinin UV Spektrofotometre ile Yerinde Analiz Edilmesi. CBUJOS. Ağustos 2016;12(2). https://doi.org/10.18466/cbujos.13757
[17] van Gelder CWG, Flurkey WH, Wichers HJ. Sequence and structural features of plant and fungal tyrosinases. Phytochemistry, 1997; 45(7): 1309–1323. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00186-6
[18] Zaidi KU, Ali AS, Ali SA, Naaz I. Microbial tyrosinases: Promising enzymes for pharmaceutical, food bioprocessing, and environmental industry. Biochemistry Research International. 2014; 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/854687
[19] Lin J, Fisher D. Melanocyte biology and skin pigmentation. Nature. 2007; 445: 843–850. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05660
[20] Parvez S, Kang M, Chung S, Bae H. Naturally occurring tyrosinase inhibitors: Mechanism and applications in skin health, cosmetics and agriculture industries. Phytotherapy Research. 2007; 21(9): 805-816. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2184
[21] Chen CY, Lin LC, Yang WF, Bordon J, Wang HMD. An Updated Organic Classification of Tyrosinase Inhibitors on Melanin Biosynthesis. Curr Org Chem. 2015; 19(1): 4–18. https://doi.org/10.2174/1385272819666141107224806
[22] Enguita FJ, Leitão AL. Hydroquinone: environmental pollution, toxicity, and microbial answers,” Biomed Res Int. 2013; 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/542168.
[23] Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Namasivayam V. Skin whitening agents: medicinal chemistry perspective of tyrosinase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2017; 32(1): 403, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2016.1256882
[24] Woolery-lloyd H, Kammer JN. Treatment of Hyperpigmentation. Semin in Cutan Med and Surg. 2011; 30(3): 171–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sder.2011.06.004
[25] Ma Y, Yoo J. History of sunscreen: An updated view. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021; 20(4): 1044–1049. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14004
[26] Dutra EA, Da Costa E Oliveira DAG, Kedor-Hackmann ERM, Miritello Santoro MIR, Determination of sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreens by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Farmaceuticas/Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2004; 40(3): 381–385. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-93322004000300014
[27] Gasparro FP, Mitchnick M, Nash JF. A Review of Sunscreen Safety and Efficacy. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 1998; 68(3): 243-256. https://doi.org/10.1562/0031-8655(1998)068<0243:AROSSA>2.3.CO;2
[28] Kumar P, Sarathchandra Prakash NK, Manral K, A simple and rapid method developed to determine the Sun protection factor (SPF) by using UV-visible spectrophotometer for topical formulations. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education. 2015; 5(1): 1–5
[29] Kolak U, Boǧa M, Akalın Uruşak E, Ulubelen A. Constituents of Plantago major subsp. intermedia with antioxidant and anticholinesterase capacities. Turk J Chem. 2011; 35(4): 637–645. https://doi.org/10.3906/kim-1102-990
[30] Soobrattee MA, Neergheen VS, Luximon-Ramma A, Aruoma OI, Bahorun T. Phenolics as potential antioxidant therapeutic agents: Mechanism and actions. Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 2005; 579(1–2): 200–213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.03.023
[31] Bahadori MB, Zengin G, Eskandani M, Zali A, Sadoughi MM, Ayatollahi SA. Determination of phenolics composition, antioxidant activity, and therapeutic potential of Golden marguerite (Cota tinctoria). Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization. 2021; 15(4): 3314–3322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-021-00886-x
[32] Gedikoğlu A, Sökmen M, Çivit. Evaluation of Thymus vulgaris and Thymbra spicata essential oils and plant extracts for chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Food Sci Nutr. 2019; 7(5): 1704–1714. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1007
[33] Yang Y, ChenX, Luan F, Wang M, Wang Z, Wang J, He X. Euphorbia helioscopia L.: A phytochemical and pharmacological overview. Phytochemistry. 2021; 184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112649.
[34] Gulcin İ. Antioxidants and antioxidant methods: an updated overview. Arch Toxicol. 2020; 94(3): 651–715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02689-3
[35] Cvetanović A, Zeković Z, Švarc-Gajić J, Razić S, Damjanović A, Zengin G, Delerue-Matos C, Moreira M. A new source for developing multi-functional products: biological and chemical perspectives on subcritical water extracts of Sambucus ebulus L. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. 2018; 93(4): 1097–1104. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5468
[36] Meriç Zİ, Bitiş L, Birteksöz-Tan S, Özbaş Turan S, Akbuga J. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic activities of Sambucus ebulus L. flowers, fruits and leaves. Marmara Pharm J. 2014; 18(1): 22–25. https://doi.org/10.12991/mpj.201414122
[37] Al Mamari HH, “Phenolic compounds: Classification, Chemistry, and Updated Techniques of Analysis and Synthesis. IntechOpen. 2022. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98958
[38] Menegazzi M, Masiello P, Novelli M. Anti-tumor activity of hypericum perforatum L. and hyperforin through modulation of inflammatory signaling, ros generation and proton Dynamics. Antioxidants, 2021; 10(1): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10010018
[39] Ersoy E, Eroglu Ozkan E, Boga M, Yilmaz MA, Mat A. Anti-aging potential and anti-tyrosinase activity of three Hypericum species with focus on phytochemical composition by LC–MS/MS. Ind Crops Prod. 2019;141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111735
[40] Barnes J, Anderson LA, Phillipson, JD. St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) : a review of its chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology JPP. 2001; 53: 583–600. https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357011775910
[41] Tasinov O, Dincheva I, Badjakov I, Kiselova-Kaneva Y, Galunska B, Nogueiras R, Ivanova D. Phytochemical composition, anti-inflammatory and er stress-reducing potential of Sambucus ebulus L. Fruit extract. Plants. 2021; 10(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112446
[42] Panzella L, Napolitano, A. Natural and bioinspired phenolic compounds as tyrosinase inhibitors for the treatment of skin hyperpigmentation: Recent advances. Cosmetics. 2019; 6(4): 1–33. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics6040057
[43] Barla A, Birman H, Kültür Ş, Öksüz S. Secondary metabolites from Euphorbia helioscopia and their vasodepressor activity. Turk J Chem. 206; 30: 325.
[44] Li J, Wang W, Song W, Xuan L. (19αH)-lupane and (9βH)-lanostane triterpenes from Euphorbia helioscopia trigger apoptosis of tumor cell. Fitoterapia. 2018; 125: 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2017.12.011
[45] Chang TS. An updated review of tyrosinase inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci. 2009; 10(6): 2440–2475 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10062440
[46] Liu J, Liu Y, He X, Teng B, McRae JM. Valonea tannin: Tyrosinase inhibition activity, structural elucidation and insights into the inhibition mechanism. Molecules. 2021; 26(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092747
[47] Bratkov VM, Shkondrov AM, Zdraveva PK, Krasteva IN. Flavonoids from the Genus Astragalus: Phytochemistry and Biological Activity. Pharmacogn Rev. 2016; 10(19): 11–32. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.176550
[48] Blois MS. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature. 1958; 181(4617): 1199–1200, 1958 https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0.
[49] Lu Y, Yeap Foo L. Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of polyphenols from apple pomace. Food Chem. 2000; 68(1): 81–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00167-3
[50] Apak R, Güçlü K, Ozyürek M, Karademir SE. Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and vitamins C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC method. J Agric Food Chem. 2004; 52(26): 7970–7981. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf048741x
[51] Cao W, Zhang JJ, Liu CY, Bai WS, Cheng N. A modified Folin-Ciocalteu method for the microdetermination of total phenolic content in honey. Int Food Res J, 2020; 27(3): 576–584.
[52] Baurin N, Arnoult E, Scior T, Do QTT, Bernard P. Preliminary screening of some tropical plants for anti-tyrosinase activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 82(2–3):155–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00174-5
[53] Chan EWC, Lim YY, Wong LF, Lianto FS, Wong SK, Lim KK, Joe CE, Lim, TY. Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition properties of leaves and rhizomes of ginger species. Food Chem, 2008;109(3):477–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.016
[54] HalabanR, Pomerantz SH, Marshall S, Lerner AB. Tyrosinase activity and abundance in Cloudman melanoma cells. Arch Biochem Biophys, 1984; 230(1): 383–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(84)90121-8
[55] Masuda T, Yamashita D, Takeda Y, Yonemori S. Screening for tyrosinase inhibitors among extracts of seashore plants and identification of potent inhibitors from Garcinia subelliptica. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2005; 69(1); 197–201. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.69.197
[56] Masuda T, Fujıta N, Odaka Y, Takeda Y,Yonemori S, Nakamoto K, Kunınaga H. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts from medicinal and edible plants cultivated in Okinawa and identification of a water-soluble inhibitor from the leaves of Nandina domestica. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007; 71(9): 2316–2320. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.70249
[57] Momtaz S, Lall N, Basson A. Inhibitory activities of mushroom tyrosine and DOPA oxidation by plant extracts. South African Journal of Botany. 2008; 74(4): 577–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.02.005
[58] Momtaz S, Mapunya B.M, Houghton B.J Edgerly C, Hussein A, Naidoo S, Lall N. Tyrosinase inhibition by extracts and constituents of Sideroxylon inerme L. stem bark, used in South Africa for skin lightening. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 119(3): 507–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.006
[59] Orhan DD, Senol FS, Hosbas FS, Erdoğan Orhan I. Assessment of cholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant properties of Viscum album L. samples collected from different host plants and its two principal substances. Ind Crops Prod. 2014; 62: 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.08.044
[60] Şenol FS, Orhan İ, Yilmaz G, Ciçek M, Şener B. Acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase inhibition studies and antioxidant activities of 33 Scutellaria L. taxa from Turkey. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48(3): 781–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.12.004

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Pharmacognosy

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Zehra İlke Meriç This is me
0000-0002-7095-4622
Türkiye

Ebru Özdemir Nath
Türkiye

Ahmet Doğan
0000-0003-0603-5100
Türkiye

Leyla Bitiş ^*
0000-0003-1167-6666
Türkiye

Publication Date

June 28, 2025

Submission Date

July 29, 2023

Acceptance Date

August 17, 2023

Published in Issue

Year 2024 Volume: 28 Number: 2

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA33AH39YL

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Meriç, Z. İ., Özdemir Nath, E., Doğan, A., & Bitiş, L. (2025). Antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase activities and characterization of phenolic compounds for some plants from the Marmara Region, Türkiye. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 28(2), 396-408. https://izlik.org/JA33AH39YL

AMA

1.Meriç Zİ, Özdemir Nath E, Doğan A, Bitiş L. Antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase activities and characterization of phenolic compounds for some plants from the Marmara Region, Türkiye. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28(2):396-408. https://izlik.org/JA33AH39YL

Chicago

Meriç, Zehra İlke, Ebru Özdemir Nath, Ahmet Doğan, and Leyla Bitiş. 2025. “Antioxidant, Anti-Tyrosinase Activities and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds for Some Plants from the Marmara Region, Türkiye”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28 (2): 396-408. https://izlik.org/JA33AH39YL.

EndNote

Meriç Zİ, Özdemir Nath E, Doğan A, Bitiş L (June 1, 2025) Antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase activities and characterization of phenolic compounds for some plants from the Marmara Region, Türkiye. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28 2 396–408.

IEEE

[1]Z. İ. Meriç, E. Özdemir Nath, A. Doğan, and L. Bitiş, “Antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase activities and characterization of phenolic compounds for some plants from the Marmara Region, Türkiye”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 396–408, June 2025, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA33AH39YL

ISNAD

Meriç, Zehra İlke - Özdemir Nath, Ebru - Doğan, Ahmet - Bitiş, Leyla. “Antioxidant, Anti-Tyrosinase Activities and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds for Some Plants from the Marmara Region, Türkiye”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28/2 (June 1, 2025): 396-408. https://izlik.org/JA33AH39YL.

JAMA

1.Meriç Zİ, Özdemir Nath E, Doğan A, Bitiş L. Antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase activities and characterization of phenolic compounds for some plants from the Marmara Region, Türkiye. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28:396–408.

MLA

Meriç, Zehra İlke, et al. “Antioxidant, Anti-Tyrosinase Activities and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds for Some Plants from the Marmara Region, Türkiye”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 28, no. 2, June 2025, pp. 396-08, https://izlik.org/JA33AH39YL.

Vancouver

1.Zehra İlke Meriç, Ebru Özdemir Nath, Ahmet Doğan, Leyla Bitiş. Antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase activities and characterization of phenolic compounds for some plants from the Marmara Region, Türkiye. J. Res. Pharm. [Internet]. 2025 Jun. 1;28(2):396-408. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA33AH39YL