Natural ingredients included antimicrobial lozenge formulations for oral care

İmren Esentürk; Lüceyn Abdo; Sehernaz Topuzoğlu; Cenk Yıldız; Fatıma Nur Yılmaz; Sibel Döşler

Natural ingredients included antimicrobial lozenge formulations for oral care

Abstract

Lozenges are easy-to-use solid/semi-solid dosage forms that can contain one or more active ingredients, which can be used in the local treatment of mouth and throat infections. Honey, propolis, and perga, which are bee hive natural products have properties of antimicrobial and nutrient. While the oil of seaweed has a rich omega-3 content, the essential oils of pine turpentine, juniper, eucalyptus, sage, lemon balm, and tea tree have antimicrobial properties. In this study, it is aimed to prepare the above indicated ingredients included antimicrobial lozenges. Prepared formulations were evaluated by characterization and antimicrobial efficiency tests. Characterization tests included the determination of organoleptic parameters, weight variation, friability, and in vitro disintegration time. Antimicrobial efficacy was determined with the antimicrobial activities of lozenges against group A β-hemolytic streptococci, group B β-hemolytic streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans which was evaluated by broth microdilution and time-kill studies. Results showed that all the formulations showed acceptable characterization profiles and antimicrobial efficiency. The lozenge formulation, which included honey, propolis, Perga, seaweed oil, and essential oils of pine turpentine, juniper, and eucalyptus can be accepted as the best formulation in terms of antimicrobial activities against all of the tested microorganisms especially Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci which is the most frequent bacterial pathogen causing sore throat in the oral cavity. In conclusion, natural ingredients included lozenges can be a good alternative for oral care products with their good antimicrobial properties for a wide range of populations.

Keywords

References

[1] Deo PN, Deshmukh R. Oral microbiome: Unveiling the fundamentals. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2019; 23(1): 122. https://doi.org/10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_304_18
[2] Patel M. Oral cavity and Candida albicans: Colonisation to the development of infection. Pathogens. 2022; 11(3): 335. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030335
[3] Rajagopal L. Understanding the regulation of Group B Streptococcal virulence factors. 2009; Future Med. 2009; 4(2): 201-221. https://doi.org/10.2217/17460913.4.2.201
[4] Cunningham MW. Pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000; 13(3): 470–511. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.13.3.470
[5] Struve C, Krogfelt KA. Pathogenic potential of environmental Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Environ Microbiol. 2004; 6(6): 584–590. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00590.x
[6] Dudek B, Tymińska J, Szymczyk-Ziółkowska P, Chodaczek G, Migdał P, Czajkowska J, Junka A. In vitro activity of octenidine dihydrochloride-containing lozenges against biofilm-forming pathogens of oral cavity and throat. Appl Sci. 2023; 13(5): 2974. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052974
[7] Gopale O, Jethawa S, Shelke S. Medicated lozenges: a review. Asian J Pharm Res Dev. 2022; 10(2): 129–134. https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v10i2.1055
[8] Larsen P, Ahmed M. Evaluation of biological activities and medicinal properties of honey drops and honey lozenges. Nutrients. 2022; 14(22): 4738. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224738

[9] Kadirvel V, Vasuki MT, Narayana GP, Kulathooran R. Formulation and evaluation of medicated lozenges using traditional herbs to treat sore throat infection. J Food Process Preserv. 2022; 46(10): e16903. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.16903
[10] Sahoo MR, Marakanam SU, Varier RR. Development and evaluation of essential oil-based lozenges using menthol and eucalyptus and in vitro evaluation of their antimicrobial activity in S. aureus and E. coli. Res J Pharm Technol. 2022; 15(11): 5283–5288. https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2022.00890
[11] Wagh VD. Propolis: A wonder bees product and its pharmacological potentials. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci. 2013; 2013:308249. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/308249
[12] Bakour M, Laaroussi H, Ousaaid D, El Ghouizi A, Es-Safi I, Mechchate H, Lyoussi B. Bee bread as a promising source of bioactive molecules and functional properties: an up-to-date review. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(2): 203. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020203
[13] Peñalver R, Lorenzo JM, Ros G, Amarowicz R, Pateiro M, Nieto G. Seaweeds as a functional ingredient for a healthy diet. Mar Drugs. 2020; 18(6): 301. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18060301
[14] Ghaffari T, Kafil HS, Asnaashari S, Farajnia S, Delazar A, Baek SC, Hamishehkar H, Kim KH. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from the aerial parts of Pinus eldarica grown in northwestern Iran. Molecules. 2019;24(17):3203. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173203
[15] Pepeljnjak S, Kosalec I, Kalođera Z, Blažević N. Antimicrobial activity of juniper berry essential oil (Juniperus communis L., Cupressaceae). Acta Pharm. 2005; 55(4): 417–422.
[16] Sadlon AE, Lamson DW. Immune-modifying and antimicrobial effects of Eucalyptus oil and simple inhalation devices. Altern Med Rev. 2010; 15(1): 33–43.
[17] Aćimović M, Pezo L, Čabarkapa I, Trudić A, Jeremić JS, Varga A, Lončar B, Šovljanski O, Tešević V. Variation of Salvia officinalis L. essential oil and hydrolate composition and their antimicrobial activity. Processes. 2022; 10(8): 1608. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10081608
[18] Yu H, Pei J, Qiu W, Mei J, Xie J. The antimicrobial effect of Melissa officinalis L. essential oil on Vibrio parahaemolyticus: insights based on the cell membrane and external structure. Front Microbiol. 2022; 13: 812792. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.812792
[19] Carson CF, Hammer KA, Riley T V. Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006; 19(1): 50–62. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.19.1.50-62.2006
[20] Mercier B, Prost J, Prost M. The essential oil of turpentine and its major volatile fraction (α-and β-pinenes): a review. Int J Occup Med Env Heal. 2009;22(4):331–342. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10001-009-0032-5
[21] Singh HP, Kaur S, Negi K, Kumari S, Saini V, Batish DR, Kohli RK. Assessment of in vitro antioxidant activity of essential oil of Eucalyptus citriodora (lemon-scented Eucalypt; Myrtaceae) and its major constituents. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2012; 48(2): 237–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2012.03.019
[22] Yazgan H. Investigation of antimicrobial properties of sage essential oil and its nanoemulsion as antimicrobial agent. LWT. 2020; 130: 109669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109669
[23] Hăncianu M, Aprotosoaie AC, Gille E, Poiată A, Tuchiluş C, Spac A, Stanescu U. Chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Melissa officinalis L. from Romania. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2008; 112(3): 843–847.
[24] Esentürk-Güzel İ, Mersin B, Topuzoğlu S, Abdo L, Yılmaz FN SGE. Preparation and evaluation of lozanges for antimicrobial and relief purposes. Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi CUDIS 2 Uluslararası Diş Hekim Kongresi. 2022.
[25] USP MD: The United States Pharmacopeial Convention. General Chapters <2091> Weight variation of dietary supplements. In: USP 45 NF 40. Rockville: Twinbrook Parkway; 2022.
[26] Modyala D, Aparna C, Srinivas P. Formulation, evaluation and characterization of itraconazole lozenges. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci. 2014; 9(3): 86–94. https://doi.org/10.9790/3008-09318694
[27] USP MD: The United States Pharmacopeial Convention. General Chapters <1216> Tablet friability. In: USP 45 NF 40. Rockville: Twinbrook Parkway; 2022.
[28] Pandya VP, Patel VB, Patel P. Formulation, evaluation and optimization of sustained release matrix tablets of captopril. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2012; 4(Suppl 1): S77. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.94146
[29] Pandey S, Pundir S, Nagar P. Formulation development and evaluation of sucrose-free lozenges of curcumin. Int J Pharm Phytopharm Res. 2015; 5(1): 46–55.
[30] Khudhair DB, Ali WK. Formulation and evaluation of pressed coated tablet containing combination of fast dissolving lidocaine and long lasting acyclovir lozenge. Al Mustansiriyah J Pharm Sci. 2020; 20(4): 35-44.
[31] Thai TN, Dale AP, Ebell MH. Signs and symptoms of group A versus non-group A strep throat: a meta-analysis. Fam Pract. 2018; 35(3): 231–238. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmx072
[32] DuBose KC. Group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Prim Care Update Ob Gyns. 2002; 9(6): 222–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1068-607X(02)00122-1
[33] Kumar A, Mishra MK, Afeefa CKS, Pai G, Pai V. Development and evaluation of polyherbal lozenges for cold and flu. Indian J Pharm Educ Res. 2019; 53(2): 159–163. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.53.2s.61
[34] Budiman A, Sofian FF, Santi NMWS, Aulifa DL. The formulation of lozenge using black mulberries (Morus nigra L.) leaf extract as an α-glucosidase inhibitor. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2020; 12(2): 171. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_219_19
[35] Richards RME, Xing JZ, Weir LFC. The effect of formulation on the antimicrobial activity of cetylpyridinium chloride in candy based lozenges. Pharm Res. 1996; 13: 583–587. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016002322692
[36] USP MD: The United States Pharmacopeial Convention. General Chapters <701> Disintegration. In: USP 45 NF 40. Rockville: Twinbrook Parkway; 2022.
[37] Koland M, Charyulu RN, Vijayanarayana K, Prabhu P. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of chitosan buccal films of ondansetron hydrochloride. Int J Pharm Investig. 2011; 1(3): 164. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-973X.85967
[38] NCCLS. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptbility Testing of Yeasts; Approved Standart M27-A NCCLS. Wayne, Pennsylvania; 2000.
[39] Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically: Approved Standard M7-A5. In Wayne PA: NCCLS; 2006.
[40] Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, M100-Ed32. In Wayne PA: NCCLS; 2022.
[41] NCCLS. Methods for determining bactericidal activity of antimicrobial agents, approved guideline M26-A. Wayne PA: NCCLS; 1999.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Pharmaceutical Delivery Technologies

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

İmren Esentürk ^*
0000-0002-4069-2035
Türkiye

Lüceyn Abdo This is me
0000-0001-5627-4041
Türkiye

Sehernaz Topuzoğlu This is me
0000-0002-9592-2555
Türkiye

Cenk Yıldız
0000-0003-2672-8684
Türkiye

Fatıma Nur Yılmaz
0000-0001-8442-8538
Türkiye

Sibel Döşler
0000-0001-5223-4755
Türkiye

Publication Date

June 28, 2025

Submission Date

May 10, 2023

Acceptance Date

July 13, 2023

Published in Issue

Year 2024 Volume: 28 Number: 1

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA96AF66EP

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Esentürk, İ., Abdo, L., Topuzoğlu, S., Yıldız, C., Yılmaz, F. N., & Döşler, S. (2025). Natural ingredients included antimicrobial lozenge formulations for oral care. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 28(1), 248-257. https://izlik.org/JA96AF66EP

AMA

1.Esentürk İ, Abdo L, Topuzoğlu S, Yıldız C, Yılmaz FN, Döşler S. Natural ingredients included antimicrobial lozenge formulations for oral care. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28(1):248-257. https://izlik.org/JA96AF66EP

Chicago

Esentürk, İmren, Lüceyn Abdo, Sehernaz Topuzoğlu, Cenk Yıldız, Fatıma Nur Yılmaz, and Sibel Döşler. 2025. “Natural Ingredients Included Antimicrobial Lozenge Formulations for Oral Care”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28 (1): 248-57. https://izlik.org/JA96AF66EP.

EndNote

Esentürk İ, Abdo L, Topuzoğlu S, Yıldız C, Yılmaz FN, Döşler S (June 1, 2025) Natural ingredients included antimicrobial lozenge formulations for oral care. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28 1 248–257.

IEEE

[1]İ. Esentürk, L. Abdo, S. Topuzoğlu, C. Yıldız, F. N. Yılmaz, and S. Döşler, “Natural ingredients included antimicrobial lozenge formulations for oral care”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 248–257, June 2025, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA96AF66EP

ISNAD

Esentürk, İmren - Abdo, Lüceyn - Topuzoğlu, Sehernaz - Yıldız, Cenk - Yılmaz, Fatıma Nur - Döşler, Sibel. “Natural Ingredients Included Antimicrobial Lozenge Formulations for Oral Care”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28/1 (June 1, 2025): 248-257. https://izlik.org/JA96AF66EP.

JAMA

1.Esentürk İ, Abdo L, Topuzoğlu S, Yıldız C, Yılmaz FN, Döşler S. Natural ingredients included antimicrobial lozenge formulations for oral care. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28:248–257.

MLA

Esentürk, İmren, et al. “Natural Ingredients Included Antimicrobial Lozenge Formulations for Oral Care”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 28, no. 1, June 2025, pp. 248-57, https://izlik.org/JA96AF66EP.

Vancouver

1.İmren Esentürk, Lüceyn Abdo, Sehernaz Topuzoğlu, Cenk Yıldız, Fatıma Nur Yılmaz, Sibel Döşler. Natural ingredients included antimicrobial lozenge formulations for oral care. J. Res. Pharm. [Internet]. 2025 Jun. 1;28(1):248-57. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA96AF66EP