Biological evaluation and molecular docking of Indonesian Gracilaria salicornia as antioxidant agents

Bahrun Bahrun; Tatsufumi Okino; Herlina Rasyid; Nunuk Hariani Soekamto

Biological evaluation and molecular docking of Indonesian Gracilaria salicornia as antioxidant agents

Abstract

The antioxidant activity of Gracilaria salicornia extract was investigated to develop natural product-based chemotherapeutic agents using more efficient and straightforward methods. The efficacy was determined through free radical scavenging activity against DPPH, phytochemical assays, GC-MS analysis, and molecular docking analysis through NADPH Oxidase (NOX) protein (PDB ID: 2CDU). The best antioxidant activity of several extracts was shown by ethyl acetate extract with an IC50 value about 179.81±6.38 µg/mL, classified as moderate activity. Based on the phytochemical assay, the extract contains alkaloids, steroids, phenolics, flavonoids, and saponin compounds. Further analysis of the extract by GC-MS showed the presence of secondary metabolites that have been shown to have bioactivity as antioxidant and anticancer agents, such as L-(+)-ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate, cholest-5-en-3-ol (3.beta.), 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, and phytol. The activity was also supported by molecular docking analysis. Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3.beta.), 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, and phytol showed outstanding interaction with the target protein's active site (binding energy -10.90, -7.11, and -6.22 kcal/mol, respectively). The binding energy of cholest-5-en-3-ol (3.beta.) was significantly higher than the native ligand. The binding energy describes the potential of the compound to suppress ROS production by inhibiting NOX protein activity. These findings revealed that the phytochemicals of G. salicornia can be developed as a chemotherapeutic agent. This approach can be used as a guide in developing natural product-based chemotherapeutic agents.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Bahrun Bahrun
0000-0001-5243-014X
Indonesia

Tatsufumi Okino This is me
0000-0002-8363-0467
Japan

Herlina Rasyid
0000-0001-9136-9716
Indonesia

Nunuk Hariani Soekamto ^* This is me
0000-0001-8281-1752
Indonesia

Publication Date

June 28, 2025

Submission Date

June 19, 2022

Acceptance Date

August 16, 2022

Published in Issue

Year 2023 Volume: 27 Number: 1

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA22ZC25YX

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Bahrun, B., Okino, T., Rasyid, H., & Soekamto, N. H. (2025). Biological evaluation and molecular docking of Indonesian Gracilaria salicornia as antioxidant agents. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 27(1), 207-220. https://izlik.org/JA22ZC25YX

AMA

1.Bahrun B, Okino T, Rasyid H, Soekamto NH. Biological evaluation and molecular docking of Indonesian Gracilaria salicornia as antioxidant agents. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27(1):207-220. https://izlik.org/JA22ZC25YX

Chicago

Bahrun, Bahrun, Tatsufumi Okino, Herlina Rasyid, and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto. 2025. “Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking of Indonesian Gracilaria Salicornia As Antioxidant Agents”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27 (1): 207-20. https://izlik.org/JA22ZC25YX.

EndNote

Bahrun B, Okino T, Rasyid H, Soekamto NH (June 1, 2025) Biological evaluation and molecular docking of Indonesian Gracilaria salicornia as antioxidant agents. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27 1 207–220.

IEEE

[1]B. Bahrun, T. Okino, H. Rasyid, and N. H. Soekamto, “Biological evaluation and molecular docking of Indonesian Gracilaria salicornia as antioxidant agents”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 207–220, June 2025, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA22ZC25YX

ISNAD

Bahrun, Bahrun - Okino, Tatsufumi - Rasyid, Herlina - Soekamto, Nunuk Hariani. “Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking of Indonesian Gracilaria Salicornia As Antioxidant Agents”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27/1 (June 1, 2025): 207-220. https://izlik.org/JA22ZC25YX.

JAMA

1.Bahrun B, Okino T, Rasyid H, Soekamto NH. Biological evaluation and molecular docking of Indonesian Gracilaria salicornia as antioxidant agents. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27:207–220.

MLA

Bahrun, Bahrun, et al. “Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking of Indonesian Gracilaria Salicornia As Antioxidant Agents”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 27, no. 1, June 2025, pp. 207-20, https://izlik.org/JA22ZC25YX.

Vancouver

1.Bahrun Bahrun, Tatsufumi Okino, Herlina Rasyid, Nunuk Hariani Soekamto. Biological evaluation and molecular docking of Indonesian Gracilaria salicornia as antioxidant agents. J. Res. Pharm. [Internet]. 2025 Jun. 1;27(1):207-20. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA22ZC25YX