Enhancing antidiabetic bioactivity of purslane leaf extract (Portulaca oleracea L.) through synthesis of nanoemulsion: In vitro and in vivo evidence

Abstract

Purslane plant (Portulaca oleracea) is a type of herbal plant that can be used in traditional diabetes treatment because it has the highest content of the quercetin found in the leaves which plays a role in inhibiting the α-amylase enzyme. However, it is less active due to limitations in drug solubility and delivery. Therefore, we developed a nanoemulsion of purslane leaf extract as an antidiabetic in vitro through α-amylase enzyme inhibition and in vivo through alloxan induction. The nanoemulsion was made using virgin coconut oil as the oil phase, polysorbate as the surfactant, propylene glycol as the cosurfactant, and phosphate buffer as the water phase with purslane leaf extract masses of 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.04 grams. The physical stability tests of nanoemulsions carried out were organoleptic tests, percent transmittance tests, viscosity tests, pH tests, solubility tests, emulsification time tests, cycling tests, particle size tests, and zeta potential. The smallest nanoemulsion particle size in the F2 formulation was 10.53±0.20 nm. However, the results of antidiabetic activity obtained an IC50 value of inhibition of purslane leaf extract nanoemulsion against α- amylase enzyme which was better than purslane leaf extract, which was 1225.38 ppm, while the IC50 value of purslane leaf extract was 7904.61 ppm. In vivo analysis reveals purslane leaf extract nanoemulsion significantly reduces the sugar blood level on alloxan-induced mice models compare to the extract. This result indicates that nanoemulsion enhancing the antidiabetic activity and potentially applied for drug development.

Keywords

• Purslane
• quercetin
• diabetes
• α-amylase
• alloxan

References

1. 1] Susilowati AA, Waskita KN. Pengaruh pola makan terhadap potensi resiko penyakit diabetes melitus. J Mandala Pharmacon Indones. 2019; 5(1): 43-47. https://doi.org/10.35311/jmpi.v5i01.43.
2. [2] Yusuf B, Nafisah S, Inayah NN. Literatur review: Gula darah piasa pada penyakit diabetes melitus. Pharm Med J. 2023; 6(1): 28-33. https://doi.org/10.35799/pmj.v6i1.47617.
3. [3] WHO. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas: 10th edition 2021. https://diabetesatlas.org/data/en/country/94/id.html. Retrieved January 10, 2024.
4. [4] Veridiana NN, Nurjana MA. Hubungan perilaku konsumsi dan aktivitas fisik dengan diabetes mellitus di Indonesia. Bul Ris Kesehat. 2019; 47(2): 97-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/bpk.v47i2.667.
5. [5] Mames NPP, Suryanto E, Momuat LI. Antioxidant activity and inhibition of α-amylase enzyme from algae (Eucheuma spinosum). Chem Prog. 2022; 15(2): 108-116. https://doi.org/ 10.35799/cp.15.2.2022.46236.
6. [6] Herdyastuti N. The effect of the addition of α-amylase enzyme and the length of incubation time in the manufacture of bioethanol from jackfruit seeds. Indones Chem Appl J. 2022; 5(1): 15-20. https://doi.org/10.26740/icaj.v5i1.19791.
7. [7] Renaldi FS, Sauriasari R, Riyadina W, Maulida IB. The Phenomenon of the influence of pharmacological therapy on treatment compliance in the perspective of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. J Pharm Sci Prac. 2021; 8(2): 69-77. https://doi.org/10.33508/jfst.v8i2.3044.
8. [8] Wirasti W, Lestari T, Isyti’aroh I. Penghambatan ekstrak daun kremah (Alternanthera sessilis) terhadap enzim α-amilase secara in vitro. Pharmacon: J Farm Indones. 2021; 18(1): 68-74. https://doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon.v18i01.14657.

9. [9] Miao L, Tao H, Peng Y, Wang S, Zhong Z. The anti-inflammatory potential of Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) extract by partial suppression on NF-κB and MAPK activation. Food Chem. 2019; 290: 239-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.005.
10. [10] Peksel A, Arisan-Atac I, Yanardag R. Antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts of purslane (Portulaca oleracea Subsp. Sativa L.). Ital J Food Sci. 2006; 18(3): 295-308.
11. [11] Sicari V, Loizzo MR, Tundis R, Mincione A, Pellicanò TM. Portulaca oleracea L. (Purslane) extracts display antioxidant and hypoglycaemic effects. J Appl Bot Food Qual. 2018; 91: 39-46. https://doi.org/10.5073/JABFQ.2018.091.006.
12. [12] Acedo JZ, Reyes CT, Rodriguez EB. Health-promising lipids from purslane (Portulaca oleraca L.): isolation, characterization, quantivication and in vivo assay of angiogenic activity. Philipp Agric Sci. 2012; 95(4): 362-369.
13. [13] Lei X, Li J, Liu B, Zhang N, Liu H. Separation and identification of four new compounds with antibacterial activity from Portulaca oleracea L. Molecules. 2015; 20: 16375-16387. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200916375.
14. [14] Jayanti ASD, Sitasiwi AJ, Isdadiyanto S. Effect of purslane leaf ethanol extract (Portulaca oleracea L.) on GDP and α-amylase of rats (Rattus novergicus L.) aloxane-ınduced hyperglemic. J Vet Sci. 2022; 40(3): 237-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsv.61937.
15. [15] Husein SG, Sundalian M, Husna N. Review: Analysis of the components of purslane chemical compounds (Portulaca oleraceae L. and Portulaca grandiflora Hook.). J Sci Heal. 2021; 3(2): 317-327. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v3i2.278.
16. [16] Pratama Y, Mahardika RG, Adisyahputra. Antibacterial activity of nanoemulsion stem fractiom pucuk idat (Cratoxylum glaucum). Educhemia. 2021; 6(2): 208-218. https://dx.doi.org/10.30870/educhemia.v6i2.10242.
17. [17] Jusnita N, Nasution K. Formulation of a nanoemulsion of moringa leaf extract (Moringa oleifera Lamk). Ind J Agroind Technol Manag. 2019; 8(3): 165-170. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.industria.2019.008.03.1.
18. [18] Sari N. Karakterisasi fitokimia dan analisis kadar flavonoid pada buah sawo (Manikara zapota L.) berdasarkan uji validasi metode spektrofotometri uv-visible. J Teknol Kim Miner. 2023; 2(2): 83-88. https://doi.org/10.61844/jtkm.v2i2.507.
19. [19] Walean M, Melpin R, Rondonuwu M, Pinotoan DKF. Uji toksisitas in vitro metode BSLT dan toksisitas akut oral ekstrak etanol kulit batang pakoba (Syzygium luzonense (Merr.). BIO-EDU J Pendidik Biol. 2021; 6(3): 244-250. https://doi.org/10.32938/jbe.v6i3.1249.
20. [20] Ma’arif B, Azzahra R, Rizki F, Suryadinata A, Wafi A, Maulina N, Sugihantoro H. Formulasi dan karakterisasi nanoemulsi ekstrak etanol 70% daun semanggi (Marsilea crenata C. Presl.). Medi Sains: J Ilm Kefarmasian. 2023; 8(2): 733-746. https://doi.org/10.37874/ms.v8i2.731.
21. [21] Zulfa E, Novianto D, Setiawan D. Formulasi nanoemulsi natrium diklofenak dengan variasi kombinasi tween 80 dan span 80: Kajian karakteristik fisik sediaan. Media Farm Indones. 2023; 14(1): 1471-1477.
22. [22] Widyastuti AI, Saryanti D. Formulasi dan evaluasi sediaan nanoemulsi ekstrak umbi bawang putih (Allium sativum L.). J Sains Kesehat. 2023; 5(2): 178-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v5i2.1677.
23. [23] Hastuti ED, Sukarno. Formulasi sediaan self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) ekstrak etil asetat buah parijoto (Medinilla speciosa Blume) serta uji stabilitas fisik. Cendekia J Pharm. 2020; 4(2): 131-137. https://doi.org/10.31596/cjp.v4i2.106.
24. [24] Maha HL, Sinaga KR, Masfria. Formulation and evaluation of miconazole nitrate nanoemulsion and cream. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2018; 11(3): 319-321. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.22056.
25. [25] Juliantoni Y, Hajrin W, Subaidah WA. Nanoparticle formula optimization of juwet seeds extract (Syzygium cumini) using simplex lattice design method. J Biol Trop. 2020; 20(3): 416-422. https://doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v20i3.2124.
26. [26] Melinda NA, Kusumo DW, Sari DIK. Aktivitas antidiabetes beberapa fraki daun mimba (Azadirachta indica) secara in vitro berdasarkan penghambatan enzim α-amilase. J Maj Farm dan Farmakol. 2023; 27(3): 82-87. https://doi.org/10.20956/mff.v27i3.28301.
27. [27] Jelita SF, Setyowati GW, Ferdinand M, Zuhrotun A, Megantara S. Toxicity test of Acalypha siamenensis Infusion with the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Pharmaka J. 2020; 18(1): 14-22. https://doi.org/10.24198/jf.v18i1.25926.
28. [28] Budiarto W, Rochmah NN, Setiyabudi L. Formulation of nanoemulsion preparation of Avicennia marina mangrove leaf extract with virgin coconut oil as the oil phase. Jophus Sci J J Pharm UMUS. 2020; 2(1): 36-43. https://doi.org/10.46772/jophus.v2i01.272.
29. [29] Daryati A, Suryaningru, MT, Prakoso A, Isnaini IRM, Choir, S. Nanoemulsion formulation of purified extract of african leaves (Vernonia amygdalina) ıncorporated in dissolved microneedle patch. J Pharm Sci Clin Res. 2022; 7(3): 331-346. https://doi.org/10.20961/jpscr.v7i3.65276.
30. [30] Zubaydah WOS, Indalifiany A, Yamin, Suryani, Munasari D, Sahumena MH, Jannah SRN. Formulasi dan karakterisasi nanoemulsi ekstrak etanol buah wualae (Etlingera Elatior (Jack) R.M. Smith). Lansau J Ilmu Kefarmasian. 2023; 1(1): 22-37. https://doi.org/10.33772/lansau.v1i1.4.
31. [31] Gaspersz N, Fransina EG, Ngarbingan AR. Test of ınhibition activity of α-amylase and glucomilase enzymes from kirinyuh leaf ethanol extract (Chromolaena odorata L.). Mulawarwan J Chem. 2022; 19(2): 51-57. https://doi.org/10.30872/jkm.v19i2.1120.
32. [32] Tulung GL, Bodhi W, Siampa JP. Uji efektivitas ekstrak etanol daun pegagan (Centella asiatica L. Urban) sebagai antidiabetes terhadap tikus putih jantan (Rattus norvegicus) yang diinduksi aloksan. Pharmacon J. 2021; 10(1): 736-742. https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.10.2021.32767.