APPLICATIONS OF MACHINE LEARNING FROM CONSTRUCTING THE DATABASE TO THE LEAD DISCOVERY: PRACTICAL APPROACHES ON CANCER-RELATED PROTEINS

Said Moshawih; Long Chiau Ming; Nurolaini Kifli; Hui Poh Goh

APPLICATIONS OF MACHINE LEARNING FROM CONSTRUCTING THE DATABASE TO THE LEAD DISCOVERY: PRACTICAL APPROACHES ON CANCER-RELATED PROTEINS

Abstract

Drug discovery using advanced computational tools such as machine learning has succeeded in reducing about 40% and 60% of the time and costs required by conventional drug discovery pipelines respectively. In this study we aim at building a combinatorial library of anthraquinone and chalcone derivative and producing a workflow of different screening and scoring methodologies to find hits against cancerrelated proteins, and examine them using molecular dynamic and mechanics simulations. A combinatorial library, consisting of virtual compounds, was synthesized using 20 anthraquinone and 24 chalcone core structures via R-group enumeration methodology. The resulting compounds were optimized to the near drug-likeness properties and the physicochemical descriptors were calculated for all datasets and compared with commercially available databases such as FDA, Non-FDA, and natural products (NPs) datasets from ZINC 15. A workflow of a novel virtual screening and scoring methods was optimized based on the nature of the protein target. As a result; the optimized enumeration resulted in 1,610,268 compounds with NP-Likeness, and synthetic feasibility mean scores close to FDA, Non-FDA, and NPs datasets. The cheminformatic analysis illustrated an overlap between the chemical space of the generated library was more prominent with NPs with the lowest molecular diversity compared with other natural and synthetic drugs databases. Moreover, the consensus scoring methodology that we produced was based on quantitative structure-activity relationship, pharmacophore fitness, shape similarity, and docking scores. The optimized virtual screening for the protein targets was found to be beneficial in the retrospective enrichment studies, as it prioritized true positives in high percentage (ROC curve > 0.9). Compared to all other conventional screening methods individually, consensus scoring outperformed them. It was also found that this method of multistage virtual screening overcome challenges in the training set such as limited number of data points and limited diversity of activity. In molecular mechanic simulations, the range of activity of the experimental datasets plays a crucial role in the nature of the correlation between experimental activity values and binding free energy obtained by MM/GBSA calculations. In conclusion, consensus scoring using z-score fusion method is a beneficial way of virtual screening especially when the training dataset is imbalanced.

Keywords

References

[1] Moshawih S, Goh HP, Kifli N, Idris AC, Yassin H, Kotra V, Goh KW, Liew KB, Ming LC. Synergy between machine learning and natural products cheminformatics: Application to the lead discovery of anthraquinone derivatives. Chem Biol Drug Des. 2022;100(2):185-217. [CrossRef]
[2] Moshawih S, Lim AF, Ardianto C, Goh KW, Kifli N, Goh HP, Jarrar Q, Ming LC. Target-Based Small Molecule Drug Discovery for Colorectal Cancer: A Review of Molecular Pathways and In Silico Studies. Biomolecules. 2022;12(7):878. [CrossRef]
[3] Moshawih S, Hadikhani P, Fatima A, Goh HP, Kifli N, Kotra V, Goh KW, Ming LC. Comparative analysis of an anthraquinone and chalcone derivatives-based virtual combinatorial library. A cheminformatics "proof-of-concept" study. J Mol Graph Model. 2022;117:108307. [CrossRef]

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Other)

Journal Section

Conference Paper

Authors

Said Moshawih ^* This is me
0000-0003-4840-0460
Brunei Darussalam

Long Chiau Ming
0000-0002-6971-1383
Malaysia

Nurolaini Kifli This is me
0000-0002-8817-7956
Brunei Darussalam

Hui Poh Goh This is me
0000-0002-0480-399X
Brunei Darussalam

Publication Date

June 28, 2025

Submission Date

April 19, 2023

Acceptance Date

May 3, 2023

Published in Issue

Year 2023 Volume: 27 Number: Current Research Topıcs In Pharmacy: Pharmacology Debates

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA29JS29FY

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Moshawih, S., Ming, L. C., Kifli, N., & Goh, H. P. (2025). APPLICATIONS OF MACHINE LEARNING FROM CONSTRUCTING THE DATABASE TO THE LEAD DISCOVERY: PRACTICAL APPROACHES ON CANCER-RELATED PROTEINS. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 27(Current Research Topıcs In Pharmacy: Pharmacology Debates), 3-5. https://izlik.org/JA29JS29FY

AMA

1.Moshawih S, Ming LC, Kifli N, Goh HP. APPLICATIONS OF MACHINE LEARNING FROM CONSTRUCTING THE DATABASE TO THE LEAD DISCOVERY: PRACTICAL APPROACHES ON CANCER-RELATED PROTEINS. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27(Current Research Topıcs In Pharmacy: Pharmacology Debates):3-5. https://izlik.org/JA29JS29FY

Chicago

Moshawih, Said, Long Chiau Ming, Nurolaini Kifli, and Hui Poh Goh. 2025. “APPLICATIONS OF MACHINE LEARNING FROM CONSTRUCTING THE DATABASE TO THE LEAD DISCOVERY: PRACTICAL APPROACHES ON CANCER-RELATED PROTEINS”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27 (Current Research Topıcs In Pharmacy: Pharmacology Debates): 3-5. https://izlik.org/JA29JS29FY.

EndNote

Moshawih S, Ming LC, Kifli N, Goh HP (July 1, 2025) APPLICATIONS OF MACHINE LEARNING FROM CONSTRUCTING THE DATABASE TO THE LEAD DISCOVERY: PRACTICAL APPROACHES ON CANCER-RELATED PROTEINS. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27 Current Research Topıcs In Pharmacy: Pharmacology Debates 3–5.

IEEE

[1]S. Moshawih, L. C. Ming, N. Kifli, and H. P. Goh, “APPLICATIONS OF MACHINE LEARNING FROM CONSTRUCTING THE DATABASE TO THE LEAD DISCOVERY: PRACTICAL APPROACHES ON CANCER-RELATED PROTEINS”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 27, no. Current Research Topıcs In Pharmacy: Pharmacology Debates, pp. 3–5, July 2025, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA29JS29FY

ISNAD

Moshawih, Said - Ming, Long Chiau - Kifli, Nurolaini - Goh, Hui Poh. “APPLICATIONS OF MACHINE LEARNING FROM CONSTRUCTING THE DATABASE TO THE LEAD DISCOVERY: PRACTICAL APPROACHES ON CANCER-RELATED PROTEINS”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27/Current Research Topıcs In Pharmacy: Pharmacology Debates (July 1, 2025): 3-5. https://izlik.org/JA29JS29FY.

JAMA

1.Moshawih S, Ming LC, Kifli N, Goh HP. APPLICATIONS OF MACHINE LEARNING FROM CONSTRUCTING THE DATABASE TO THE LEAD DISCOVERY: PRACTICAL APPROACHES ON CANCER-RELATED PROTEINS. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27:3–5.

MLA

Moshawih, Said, et al. “APPLICATIONS OF MACHINE LEARNING FROM CONSTRUCTING THE DATABASE TO THE LEAD DISCOVERY: PRACTICAL APPROACHES ON CANCER-RELATED PROTEINS”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 27, no. Current Research Topıcs In Pharmacy: Pharmacology Debates, July 2025, pp. 3-5, https://izlik.org/JA29JS29FY.

Vancouver

1.Said Moshawih, Long Chiau Ming, Nurolaini Kifli, Hui Poh Goh. APPLICATIONS OF MACHINE LEARNING FROM CONSTRUCTING THE DATABASE TO THE LEAD DISCOVERY: PRACTICAL APPROACHES ON CANCER-RELATED PROTEINS. J. Res. Pharm. [Internet]. 2025 Jul. 1;27(Current Research Topıcs In Pharmacy: Pharmacology Debates):3-5. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA29JS29FY