The role of minocycline in inhibiting the formation of glial scars through the expression of CNTF, TGF-β1, and NF-κB p65 in traumatic brain injury model rats

Donny Wardhana; Husnul Khotimah; Tommy Alfandy Nazwar; Nurdiana Nurdiana

doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1796192

The role of minocycline in inhibiting the formation of glial scars through the expression of CNTF, TGF-β1, and NF-κB p65 in traumatic brain injury model rats

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often leads to permanent disability, with glial scar formation being a significant contributor. Despite ongoing research, effective therapies remain elusive. Minocycline, a potential neuroprotective, may inhibit glial scar formation by targeting CNTF, TGF-β1, and NF-κB p65 pathways. This study investigates minocycline's role in preventing glial scar formation in TBI rats. Sixteen rats were divided into four groups: TBI, TBI + MNO1, TBI + MNO2, and TBI + MNO3. Following a brain injury using a weight drop model, rats were treated orally with minocycline for 14 days. Cognitive function was assessed via the Novel Object Recognition (NOR) test on day 15. The brains were then analyzed using immunofluorescence double staining to examine CNTF, TGF-β1, and NF-κB p65 signaling pathways in perilesional areas. Administration of minocycline in TBI rats with a weight drop model can improve cognitive disorders after 14 days. The mechanism of minocycline in inhibiting glial scar formation is characterized by a decrease in GFAP intensity in the perilesion area of the brain through CNTF and TGF-β1 signaling pathways at doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg orally. Although NF-κB p65 is not inhibited by minocycline specifically, NF-κB p65 interacting with CNTF and TGF-β1 plays a role in the mechanism of glial scar inhibition by minocycline. Inhibition of glial scar formation by minocycline promotes a permissive environment for axon regeneration, resulting in cognitive improvement after day 14. Minocycline effectively inhibits glial scar formation through CNTF and TGF-β1 pathways in TBI model rats.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Donny Wardhana ^*
0000-0003-3958-6072
Indonesia

Husnul Khotimah This is me
0000-0002-2374-4358
Indonesia

Tommy Alfandy Nazwar This is me
0000-0002-9517-012X
Indonesia

Nurdiana Nurdiana This is me
0000-0002-7953-1124
Indonesia

Publication Date

November 2, 2025

Submission Date

August 14, 2024

Acceptance Date

October 31, 2024

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 29 Number: 6

DOI

https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1796192

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA25WF78CJ

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Wardhana, D., Khotimah, H., Nazwar, T. A., & Nurdiana, N. (2025). The role of minocycline in inhibiting the formation of glial scars through the expression of CNTF, TGF-β1, and NF-κB p65 in traumatic brain injury model rats. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 29(6), 2193-2205. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1796192

AMA

1.Wardhana D, Khotimah H, Nazwar TA, Nurdiana N. The role of minocycline in inhibiting the formation of glial scars through the expression of CNTF, TGF-β1, and NF-κB p65 in traumatic brain injury model rats. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;29(6):2193-2205. doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1796192

Chicago

Wardhana, Donny, Husnul Khotimah, Tommy Alfandy Nazwar, and Nurdiana Nurdiana. 2025. “The Role of Minocycline in Inhibiting the Formation of Glial Scars through the Expression of CNTF, TGF-β1, and NF-κB P65 in Traumatic Brain Injury Model Rats”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 29 (6): 2193-2205. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1796192.

EndNote

Wardhana D, Khotimah H, Nazwar TA, Nurdiana N (November 1, 2025) The role of minocycline in inhibiting the formation of glial scars through the expression of CNTF, TGF-β1, and NF-κB p65 in traumatic brain injury model rats. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 29 6 2193–2205.

IEEE

[1]D. Wardhana, H. Khotimah, T. A. Nazwar, and N. Nurdiana, “The role of minocycline in inhibiting the formation of glial scars through the expression of CNTF, TGF-β1, and NF-κB p65 in traumatic brain injury model rats”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 2193–2205, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.12991/jrespharm.1796192.

ISNAD

Wardhana, Donny - Khotimah, Husnul - Nazwar, Tommy Alfandy - Nurdiana, Nurdiana. “The Role of Minocycline in Inhibiting the Formation of Glial Scars through the Expression of CNTF, TGF-β1, and NF-κB P65 in Traumatic Brain Injury Model Rats”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 29/6 (November 1, 2025): 2193-2205. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1796192.

JAMA

1.Wardhana D, Khotimah H, Nazwar TA, Nurdiana N. The role of minocycline in inhibiting the formation of glial scars through the expression of CNTF, TGF-β1, and NF-κB p65 in traumatic brain injury model rats. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;29:2193–2205.

MLA

Wardhana, Donny, et al. “The Role of Minocycline in Inhibiting the Formation of Glial Scars through the Expression of CNTF, TGF-β1, and NF-κB P65 in Traumatic Brain Injury Model Rats”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 29, no. 6, Nov. 2025, pp. 2193-05, doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1796192.

Vancouver

1.Donny Wardhana, Husnul Khotimah, Tommy Alfandy Nazwar, Nurdiana Nurdiana. The role of minocycline in inhibiting the formation of glial scars through the expression of CNTF, TGF-β1, and NF-κB p65 in traumatic brain injury model rats. J. Res. Pharm. 2025 Nov. 1;29(6):2193-205. doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1796192