Kombucha analog from Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl) fruit: Standardization of polyphenolic compounds, study of antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities

Mesa Sukmadani Rusdi; Sofiyetti Sofiyetti; M. Rifqi Efendi; Fathnur Sani K

doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1797835

Kombucha analog from Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl) fruit: Standardization of polyphenolic compounds, study of antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities

Abstract

Kombucha, a popular functional beverage, is widely recognized for its health-promoting properties. Recently, there has been a growing interest in using alternative substrates for kombucha production. Phaleria macrocarpa, commonly known as Mahkota Dewa, is a medicinal plant with various pharmacological activities, yet its use as a kombucha substrate has not been explored. This study aimed to evaluate the polyphenol content, antioxidant, and antihyperglycemic properties of kombucha derived from P. macrocarpa fruit. The experimental design involved four stages: extraction of P. macrocarpa, fermentation, product standardization, and pharmacological activity evaluation. The kombucha was chemically standardized by measuring total phenol and flavonoid content, while bioactive compounds were identified via UPLC-MS analysis. Pharmacological activities were tested in vitro for antioxidant effects using the DPPH method and in vivo for antihyperglycemic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Data were analyzed using independent T-tests and ANOVA with a 95% confidence interval. Results demonstrated a significant increase in total phenol content in P. macrocarpa kombucha compared to the non-fermented infusion (34.4±0.55 mgGAE/g vs. 29.4±0.71 mgGAE/g, p=0.001), as well as an increase in flavonoid content (20.2±1.18 mgQE/g vs. 17.8±0.11 mgQE/g, p=0.025). The kombucha also contained glycoside xanthones, including mangiferin and swertianolin, and flavonoids like rutin, naringin and 8-C-glucopyranosyleriodictylol. Moreover, P. macrocarpa kombucha exhibited stronger antioxidant activity (421.3 μg/mL vs. 436.6 μg/mL). It demonstrated significant antihyperglycemic effects after 14 days, lowering glucose levels by 54.99% ± 1.65 (p=0.001), surpassing both metformin (37.05% ± 1.65) and the non-fermented infusion (34.99% ± 1.65). These results highlight P. macrocarpa kombucha's potential as a functional beverage, particularly for managing diabetes mellitus.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Mesa Sukmadani Rusdi ^* This is me
0000-0003-1703-5480
Indonesia

Sofiyetti Sofiyetti This is me
0009-0008-9023-1481
Indonesia

M. Rifqi Efendi
0000-0002-6321-0318
Indonesia

Fathnur Sani K This is me
0000-0003-1992-2489
Indonesia

Publication Date

November 2, 2025

Submission Date

October 13, 2024

Acceptance Date

January 31, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 29 Number: 6

DOI

https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1797835

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA59WP83JC

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Rusdi, M. S., Sofiyetti, S., Efendi, M. R., & Sani K, F. (2025). Kombucha analog from Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl) fruit: Standardization of polyphenolic compounds, study of antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 29(6), 2336-2348. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1797835

AMA

1.Rusdi MS, Sofiyetti S, Efendi MR, Sani K F. Kombucha analog from Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl) fruit: Standardization of polyphenolic compounds, study of antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;29(6):2336-2348. doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1797835

Chicago

Rusdi, Mesa Sukmadani, Sofiyetti Sofiyetti, M. Rifqi Efendi, and Fathnur Sani K. 2025. “Kombucha Analog from Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria Macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl) Fruit: Standardization of Polyphenolic Compounds, Study of Antioxidant and Antihyperglycemic Activities”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 29 (6): 2336-48. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1797835.

EndNote

Rusdi MS, Sofiyetti S, Efendi MR, Sani K F (November 1, 2025) Kombucha analog from Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl) fruit: Standardization of polyphenolic compounds, study of antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 29 6 2336–2348.

IEEE

[1]M. S. Rusdi, S. Sofiyetti, M. R. Efendi, and F. Sani K, “Kombucha analog from Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl) fruit: Standardization of polyphenolic compounds, study of antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 2336–2348, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.12991/jrespharm.1797835.

ISNAD

Rusdi, Mesa Sukmadani - Sofiyetti, Sofiyetti - Efendi, M. Rifqi - Sani K, Fathnur. “Kombucha Analog from Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria Macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl) Fruit: Standardization of Polyphenolic Compounds, Study of Antioxidant and Antihyperglycemic Activities”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 29/6 (November 1, 2025): 2336-2348. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1797835.

JAMA

1.Rusdi MS, Sofiyetti S, Efendi MR, Sani K F. Kombucha analog from Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl) fruit: Standardization of polyphenolic compounds, study of antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;29:2336–2348.

MLA

Rusdi, Mesa Sukmadani, et al. “Kombucha Analog from Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria Macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl) Fruit: Standardization of Polyphenolic Compounds, Study of Antioxidant and Antihyperglycemic Activities”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 29, no. 6, Nov. 2025, pp. 2336-48, doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1797835.

Vancouver

1.Mesa Sukmadani Rusdi, Sofiyetti Sofiyetti, M. Rifqi Efendi, Fathnur Sani K. Kombucha analog from Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl) fruit: Standardization of polyphenolic compounds, study of antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities. J. Res. Pharm. 2025 Nov. 1;29(6):2336-48. doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1797835