Combination of quercetin and Pangasius hypophthalmus offal oil extract in SNEDDS formulation as antihypercholesterolemia: Optimization, in vitro, and in vivo

Ahmad Ainurofiq; Evelyn Benedikta Sutanto; Nayla Khanza Wijaya; Putri Alif Nur Ikhsani; Farah Nurhanifah; Nurul Afifah

doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1798146

Combination of quercetin and Pangasius hypophthalmus offal oil extract in SNEDDS formulation as antihypercholesterolemia: Optimization, in vitro, and in vivo

Abstract

Quercetin contains antioxidant compounds that are proven to reduce the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The challenges of poor solubility and bioavailability demand the modification of quercetin in the form of Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS). This study aims to develop a SNEDDS formulation of quercetin compound with a combination of Pangasius hypophthalmus offal fat extract oil as a hypercholesterolemia drug using the Box-Behnken Design. Dry rendering extraction of Pangasius hypophthalmus fish offal fat produced pure fish oil with GC-FID results containing omega 3 (1.33%), omega 6 (1.48%), and omega 9 (8.20%). SNEDDS was developed using the Box-Behnken Design method with variations of 85% tween 80, 10% propylene glycol, and 5% Pangasius hypophthalmus oil. The optimum formula was determined based on droplet size, emulsification time, and % transmittance parameters using Stat-Ease® 360 Design Expert software. The optimum formulation exhibited a droplet size of 22.6 ± 0.11 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.641 ± 0.02 and a zeta potential value of -11.6 ± 0.51 mV. In vitro testing showed quercetin SNEDDS could quickly form spontaneous nanoemulsions when in contact with water compared to quercetin not in the form of SNEDDS, with a Q30 obtained of 91.2889%. The depiction of the drug release profile at 30 minutes can also be referred to as the Q30. The SNEDDS dissolution profile has requirements, namely that it must dissolve within 30 minutes minimum 80%. In vivo testing showed quercetin SNEDDS had antihypercholesterolemia activity by reducing cholesterol levels by 51.5%, thus providing greater effectiveness in reducing cholesterol levels than SNEDDS without quercetin and preparations not in the form of SNEDDS.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Ahmad Ainurofiq ^* This is me
0000-0003-2880-5321
Indonesia

Evelyn Benedikta Sutanto This is me
0009-0008-0447-6221
Indonesia

Nayla Khanza Wijaya
0009-0000-7032-4383
Indonesia

Putri Alif Nur Ikhsani This is me
0009-0007-4911-4868
Indonesia

Farah Nurhanifah This is me
0009-0009-5577-957X
Indonesia

Nurul Afifah This is me
0009-0003-2491-283X
Indonesia

Publication Date

November 2, 2025

Submission Date

July 26, 2024

Acceptance Date

October 18, 2024

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 29 Number: 6

DOI

https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1798146

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA59LN46DH

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Ainurofiq, A., Sutanto, E. B., Wijaya, N. K., Ikhsani, P. A. N., Nurhanifah, F., & Afifah, N. (2025). Combination of quercetin and Pangasius hypophthalmus offal oil extract in SNEDDS formulation as antihypercholesterolemia: Optimization, in vitro, and in vivo. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 29(6), 2476-2485. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1798146

AMA

1.Ainurofiq A, Sutanto EB, Wijaya NK, Ikhsani PAN, Nurhanifah F, Afifah N. Combination of quercetin and Pangasius hypophthalmus offal oil extract in SNEDDS formulation as antihypercholesterolemia: Optimization, in vitro, and in vivo. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;29(6):2476-2485. doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1798146

Chicago

Ainurofiq, Ahmad, Evelyn Benedikta Sutanto, Nayla Khanza Wijaya, Putri Alif Nur Ikhsani, Farah Nurhanifah, and Nurul Afifah. 2025. “Combination of Quercetin and Pangasius Hypophthalmus Offal Oil Extract in SNEDDS Formulation As Antihypercholesterolemia: Optimization, in Vitro, and in Vivo”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 29 (6): 2476-85. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1798146.

EndNote

Ainurofiq A, Sutanto EB, Wijaya NK, Ikhsani PAN, Nurhanifah F, Afifah N (November 1, 2025) Combination of quercetin and Pangasius hypophthalmus offal oil extract in SNEDDS formulation as antihypercholesterolemia: Optimization, in vitro, and in vivo. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 29 6 2476–2485.

IEEE

[1]A. Ainurofiq, E. B. Sutanto, N. K. Wijaya, P. A. N. Ikhsani, F. Nurhanifah, and N. Afifah, “Combination of quercetin and Pangasius hypophthalmus offal oil extract in SNEDDS formulation as antihypercholesterolemia: Optimization, in vitro, and in vivo”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 2476–2485, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.12991/jrespharm.1798146.

ISNAD

Ainurofiq, Ahmad - Sutanto, Evelyn Benedikta - Wijaya, Nayla Khanza - Ikhsani, Putri Alif Nur - Nurhanifah, Farah - Afifah, Nurul. “Combination of Quercetin and Pangasius Hypophthalmus Offal Oil Extract in SNEDDS Formulation As Antihypercholesterolemia: Optimization, in Vitro, and in Vivo”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 29/6 (November 1, 2025): 2476-2485. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1798146.

JAMA

1.Ainurofiq A, Sutanto EB, Wijaya NK, Ikhsani PAN, Nurhanifah F, Afifah N. Combination of quercetin and Pangasius hypophthalmus offal oil extract in SNEDDS formulation as antihypercholesterolemia: Optimization, in vitro, and in vivo. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;29:2476–2485.

MLA

Ainurofiq, Ahmad, et al. “Combination of Quercetin and Pangasius Hypophthalmus Offal Oil Extract in SNEDDS Formulation As Antihypercholesterolemia: Optimization, in Vitro, and in Vivo”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 29, no. 6, Nov. 2025, pp. 2476-85, doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1798146.

Vancouver

1.Ahmad Ainurofiq, Evelyn Benedikta Sutanto, Nayla Khanza Wijaya, Putri Alif Nur Ikhsani, Farah Nurhanifah, Nurul Afifah. Combination of quercetin and Pangasius hypophthalmus offal oil extract in SNEDDS formulation as antihypercholesterolemia: Optimization, in vitro, and in vivo. J. Res. Pharm. 2025 Nov. 1;29(6):2476-85. doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1798146