Evaluating the efficacy and safety of Lumbricus rubellus extract as a natural antipyretic agent

Iyan Hardiana; Elly Wahyudin; Muhammad Aswad; Rina Agustina

doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1845195

Evaluating the efficacy and safety of Lumbricus rubellus extract as a natural antipyretic agent

Abstract

Fever, a complex physiological response, is regulated by inflammatory mediators like IL-1, IL-6, and TNF- α. Conventional antipyretics, while effective, are associated with adverse effects, prompting interest in natural alternatives such as Lumbricus rubellus extract. This study evaluates the efficacy, safety, and antipyretic mechanism of Lumbricus rubellus extract through in silico, in vitro, and in vivo methodologies. The extract was standardized for specific and non-specific parameters. Molecular docking assessed interactions with prostaglandin E2 synthesis receptors. ADMET predictions and acute oral toxicity studies were performed using Sprague Dawley rats. Antipyretic efficacy was determined using brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia models. The extract showed high binding affinity with mPGES-1 (docking score: -4.8), indicating potential antipyretic activity. ADMET analysis predicted favorable pharmacokinetic properties with minimal toxicity. In vivo studies revealed significant dose-dependent reductions in rectal temperature, with the 200 mg dose outperforming acetaminophen (0.54 °C vs. 0.42 °C reduction). Toxicity studies showed no adverse effects at doses up to 2000 mg/kg, classifying the extract as safe per OECD guidelines. The antipyretic action of Lumbricus rubellus is attributed to its bioactive compound, lombricine, which inhibits PGE2 synthesis. The extract also met safety standards for microbial contamination and heavy metal content, reinforcing its therapeutic potential. Lumbricus rubellus extract demonstrates promising antipyretic efficacy and safety, positioning it as a viable natural alternative to conventional antipyretics. Further clinical studies are warranted to confirm its application in humans.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Iyan Hardiana ^*
0000-0002-2914-1304
Indonesia

Elly Wahyudin
0000-0002-4602-787X
Indonesia

Muhammad Aswad
0000-0002-7420-2401
Indonesia

Rina Agustina
0000-0003-4315-757X
Indonesia

Publication Date

January 11, 2026

Submission Date

December 23, 2024

Acceptance Date

February 9, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 30 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1845195

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA53NY43UD

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Hardiana, I., Wahyudin, E., Aswad, M., & Agustina, R. (2026). Evaluating the efficacy and safety of Lumbricus rubellus extract as a natural antipyretic agent. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 30(1), 341-356. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1845195

AMA

1.Hardiana I, Wahyudin E, Aswad M, Agustina R. Evaluating the efficacy and safety of Lumbricus rubellus extract as a natural antipyretic agent. J. Res. Pharm. 2026;30(1):341-356. doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1845195

Chicago

Hardiana, Iyan, Elly Wahyudin, Muhammad Aswad, and Rina Agustina. 2026. “Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Lumbricus Rubellus Extract As a Natural Antipyretic Agent”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 30 (1): 341-56. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1845195.

EndNote

Hardiana I, Wahyudin E, Aswad M, Agustina R (January 1, 2026) Evaluating the efficacy and safety of Lumbricus rubellus extract as a natural antipyretic agent. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 30 1 341–356.

IEEE

[1]I. Hardiana, E. Wahyudin, M. Aswad, and R. Agustina, “Evaluating the efficacy and safety of Lumbricus rubellus extract as a natural antipyretic agent”, J. Res. Pharm., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 341–356, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.12991/jrespharm.1845195.

ISNAD

Hardiana, Iyan - Wahyudin, Elly - Aswad, Muhammad - Agustina, Rina. “Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Lumbricus Rubellus Extract As a Natural Antipyretic Agent”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 30/1 (January 1, 2026): 341-356. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1845195.

JAMA

1.Hardiana I, Wahyudin E, Aswad M, Agustina R. Evaluating the efficacy and safety of Lumbricus rubellus extract as a natural antipyretic agent. J. Res. Pharm. 2026;30:341–356.

MLA

Hardiana, Iyan, et al. “Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Lumbricus Rubellus Extract As a Natural Antipyretic Agent”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, vol. 30, no. 1, Jan. 2026, pp. 341-56, doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1845195.

Vancouver

1.Iyan Hardiana, Elly Wahyudin, Muhammad Aswad, Rina Agustina. Evaluating the efficacy and safety of Lumbricus rubellus extract as a natural antipyretic agent. J. Res. Pharm. 2026 Jan. 1;30(1):341-56. doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1845195