Eskrim hakemlerinin eskrim kavramına yönelik metaforik algıları

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 286 - 294, 30.06.2025

Kemal Arda Kurt , Nagihan Kırıkoğlu , Aylin Ozge Pekel

https://doi.org/10.56639/jsar.1660762

Abstract

Araştırmanın amacı, eskrim hakemlerinin eskrim kavramına yönelik algılarının metaforlar yardımıyla incelenmesidir. Araştırmaya aktif olarak lisanslı hakemlik yapan 80 eskrim hakemi katılmıştır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomenoloji (olgu bilim) deseni kullanılmıştır. Verilerin elde edilmesinde, her bir hakeme kişisel bilgi formu uygulanmış ve hakemlerden “eskrim……gibidir/benzer; çünkü……” cümlesini tamamlamaları istenmiştir. Bütün katılımcılar gönüllülük esasına dayanarak çalışmada yer almıştır. Veriler içerik analizi tekniği ile çözümlenmiştir. Verilerin analizinde kodlama, kategori geliştirme, geçerlik ve güvenirliğin sağlanması, temalar oluşturma ve yorumlanması aşamaları takip edilmiştir. Hakemlerin eskrim kavramına yönelik algıları incelendiğinde eskrimi bir strateji, mücadele, duygu ve hayat unsuru olarak algıladıkları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmanın alan eğitimine ve alanda yapılacak diğer araştırmalara fikir kaynağı olabileceği düşünülmekle birlikte daha geniş örneklem grupları ve farklı branşlarda yapılacak araştırmaların alana katkı sağlayacağı değerlendirilmektedir.

Keywords

eskrim , hakem , spor , algı , metafor

The metaphorical perception of fencing referees towards the concept of fencing

Abstract

The aim of the research is to reveal the metaphorical perceptions of the fencing referees towards the concept of fencing. 80 fencing referees who are actively licensed participated in the research. Phenomenology design, one of the qualitative research methods, was used. In obtaining the data, a personal information form was applied to each referee, and the referees were asked, “Fencing is like/similar to……; because……” were asked to complete the sentence. All participants took part in the research voluntarily. The data were analyzed by content analysis technique. In the data analysis, the stages of coding, category development, validity and reliability, creating and interpreting themes were followed. When the referees' perceptions of fencing were examined, it was concluded that they perceived fencing as a strategy, struggle, emotion, and life element. Although it is thought that the research can be a source of ideas for field education and other studies to be conducted in the field, it is considered that research conducted in larger sample groups and different disciplines will contribute to the field.

Keywords

fencing , referee , sports , perception , metaphor

References

• Aghakhanpour, N. B., Abdoli, B., Farsi, A., & Moeinirad, S. (2021). Comparison of visual search behavior and decision-making accuracy in expert and novice fencing referees. Optometry and Vision Science, 98(7), 783-788. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000001726
• Angelo, D. (2017). The school of fencing: With a general explanation of the principal attitudes and positions peculiar to the art. Pen & Sword Books.
• Austin, J. T., & Vancouver, J. B. (1996). Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content. Psychological Bulletin, 120(3): 338–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.338
• Ayyıldız, T. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin dans kavramına yönelik metaforik algılarının analizi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 13-25.
• Bailey, R. (2006). Physical education and sport in schools: A review of benefits and outcomes. Journal of School Health, 76(8), 397-401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2006.00132.x
• Barth, B., & Beck, E. (Eds.). (2006). The complete guide to fencing. Meyer & Meyer Sport.
• Berksun, O. (1992). Şizofrenide aile faktörü: Expressed emotion (EE): Ölçek geliştirme ve uygulama denemesi. [Uzmanlık tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
• Birrer, D., Röthlin, P., & Morgan, G. (2012). Mindfulness to enhance athletic performance: Theoretical considerations and possible impact mechanisms. Mindfulness, 3(3), 235-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0109-2
• Castle, E. (2003). Schools and masters of fencing: From the Middle Ages to the eighteenth century. Courier Corporation.
• Ceylan, G., & Kozak, M. (2021). Perceptions of active zumba members regarding the concept of “zumba”: A metaphor analysis study. Journal of Human Sciences, 18(2), 233-242. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v18i2.6149
• Cheris, E. (2002). Fencing: steps to success. Human Kinetics.
• Coffey, K. A., Hartman, M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). Deconstructing mindfulness and constructing mental health: Understanding mindfulness and its mechanisms of action. Mindfulness, 1(4), 235-253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-010-0033-2
• Coalter, F. (2005). The social benefits of sport: An overview to inform the community planning process (Report No. 98). SportScotland.
• Çalışan, H. Y., & Pekel, A. Ö. (2024). Olimpiyat oyunlarına katılan profesyonel sporcuların olimpiyat kavramına yönelik metaforik algıları. Herkes için Spor ve Rekreasyon Dergisi, 6(4), 474-478. https://doi.org/10.56639/jsar.1553403
• Demiral, Ş., & Demir, A. (2018). Judo sporu yapan 15-17 yaşındaki sporcuların judo kavramına yönelik metaforik algılarının analizi: Saha çalışması. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(3), 223-234.
• Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1998). Collecting and interpreting qualitative material. Sage.
• Duvinage, C., & Jost, P. J. (2019). The role of referees in professional sports contests. Journal of Sports Economics, 20(8), 1014-1050. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002519851145
• Ekiz, D. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Anı.
• Elliott, E. S., & Dweck, C. S. (1988). Goals: An approach to motivation and achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(1), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.54.1.5
• Emmons, R. A. (1999). The psychology of ultimate concerns: motivation and spirituality in personality. Guilford Press.
• Firek, W., Ploszaj, K., & Czechowski, M. (2020). Pedagogical function of referees in youth sport: Assessment of the quality of referee-player interactions in youth soccer. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030905
• Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). Coping as a mediator of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(3), 466-475. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.3.466
• Godor, B. P. (2019). Gifted metaphors: Exploring the metaphors of teachers in gifted education and their impact on teaching the gifted. Roeper Review, 41(1), 52-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783193.2018.1553219
• Gorczynski, P., & Webb, T. (2021). Developing a mental healt research agenda for football referees. Soccer & Society, 22(6), 655-662. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2021.1952695
• Guillen, F., & Feltz, D. (2011). A conceptual model of referee efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 2(25), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00025
• Güllü, E. (2021). Metaphorical perceptions of physical education and sports: An evaluation from the perspective of pre-service teachers. African Educational Research Journal, 9(1), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.30918/AERJ.9S1.21.005
• International Fencing Federation, (2021). Technical rules. https://static.fie.org/uploads/25/127073-technical%20rules%20ang.pdf.
• Işıktaş, S., Karafistan, M., Ayaz, D., & Yılmaz, A. S. (2019). Sigara içen ve içmeyen bireylerin stresle başa çıkma tutumları açısından karşılaştırılması. Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry & Psychology, 1(2), 102-107. https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.19.1.12
• Janelle, C. M., Fawver, B., & Beatty, G. F. (2018). Emotions and sport performance. In G. Tenenbaum, & B. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of Sport Psychology (4th Edition). Wiley.
• Karacam, A., & Adıguzel, N. S. (2019). Examining the relationship between referee performance and self-efficacy. European Journal of Educational Research, 8(1), 377-382. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v5i8.2450
• Karagün, E. (2021). İlkokul ve ortaokulda farklı branşlarda çalışan öğretmenlerin “beden eğitimi” ve “spor” kavramlarına ilişkin metaforları. Eğitim ve Bilim, 46(208), 79-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2021.9230
• Karaşahinoğlu, T., & İlhan, E. L. (2019). Beden eğitimi öğretmeni algısına yönelik öğrenci çizimlerinin incelenmesi. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(1), 1-15.
• Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1996). Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(3), 280–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167296223006
• Kozak, M., Bayrakdar, A., Karaman, M., & Zorba, E. (2020). Determination of the perceptions of individuals engaged in regular physical activity on the concept of wellness: A metaphor analysis study. African Educational Research Journal, 8(1), 43-48. https://doi.org/10.30918/AERJ.8S1.20.006
• Kövecses, Z. (2002). Metaphor: A practical introduction. Oxford University Press.
• Makaracı, M., Ceylan Acar, G., & Bayrakdar, A. (2024). Olympism through the Eyes of Coaches: Metaphorical Texture and Colors of Sport. Journal of Sport Sciences Research, 9(3), 389-402. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1543444
• Mascarenhas, D. R. D., Collins, D., & Mortimer, P. (2005). Elite refereeing performance: Developing a model for sport science support. Sport Psychol, 19(4), 364-379. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.19.4.364
• Mathers, J. F., & Brodie, K. (2011). Elite refereeing in Professional soccer: A case study of mental skills support. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 2(3), 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2011.609018 Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. Sage.
• Morgan, K. (2011). The three new pathways leading to Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 37(4), 353-357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01181.x
• Ölçer, S., Perdahlı Fiş, N., Berkem, M., & Karadağ, B. (2010). Astımlı çocukların benlik saygıları ve annelerin duygu dışavurum düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi. Türk Pediatri Dergisi Arşivi, 45(2), 144-149. https://doi.org/10.4274/tpa.45.144
• Pekel, A. Ö., Çakır, Y. N., Kırıkoğlu, N., Şahin, Y., & Pekel, H. A. (2022). Metaphorical perceptions of esports coaches to the concept of esports. Sportive 5(2), 35-47. https://doi.org/10.53025/sportive.1185575
• Pekel, A. Ö., Kırıkoğlu, N., Ünver, M., & Şahin, Y. (2023). Futbol hakemleri futbol sahasından sesleniyor. Uluslararası Bozok Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 79-89.
• Petroniene, S., Juzeleniene, S., & Listov, A. (2021). Metamorphoses of the conceptualization of SPORT in audio-visual translation. Journal of Language and Cultural Education, 9(2), 32-43. https://doi.org/10.2478/jolace-2021-0009
• Popovych, I., Kurova, A., Koval, I., Kazibekova, V., Maksymov, M., & Huzar, V. (2022). Interdependence of emotionality, anxiety, aggressiveness, and subjective control in handball referees before the beginning of a game: A comparative analysis. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 22(3), 680-689. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2022.03085
• Proverbio, A. M., Crotti, N., Manfredi, M., Adorni, R., & Zani, A. (2012). Who needs a referee? How incorrect basketball actions are automatically detected by basketball players’ brain. Scientific Reports, 2(883), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00883
• Randall, E. G., & Jennifer, A. B. (2005). Pre-service elementary school teachers’ metaphors for the concept of statistical sample. Statistics Education Research Journal, 4(2), 27-42. https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v4i2.513
• Roi, G. S., & Bianchedi D. (2008). The science of fencing: implications for performance and injury prevention. Sports Medicine, 38(6), 465-481. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838060-00003
• Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0092976
• Russell, S., Renshaw, I., & Davids, K. (2019). How interacting constraints shape emergent decision-making of national-level football referees. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 573-588. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2018.1493525
• Saban, A. (2008). Okula ilişkin metaforlar. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 55(55), 459-496.
• Saban, A. (2004). Giriş düzeyindeki sınıf öğretmeni adaylarının “öğretmen” kavramına ilişkin ileri sürdükleri metaforlar. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 131-155.
• Sadık, F., & Sarı, M. (2012). Çocuk ve demokrasi: İlköğretim öğrencilerinin demokrasi algılarının metaforlar aracılığıyla incelenmesi. Uluslararası Cumhuriyet Eğitim Dergisi, 1(1), 48-62.
• Sarkar, M., & Fletcher, D. (2013). How should we measure psychological resilience in sport performers?. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 17(4), 264–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2013.805141
• Silverman, D. (2000). Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook. Sage.
• Terekli, M. S., & Çobanoğlu, H. O. (2019). Mental education of football referees: Mental suitcase of modern football referees. International Education Studies, 12(3), 105-115. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v12n3p105
• Tümlü, Z. (2009). Eskrim’ in elektronik gelişimi: Derleme çalışması. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(4), 135-140. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000163
• Uzgur, K., Pekel, H. A., Aydos, L. (2021). Rekreasyonel koşucuların spora bağlılık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Aksaray University Journal of Sport and Health Researches, 2(1), 62-82.
• Yao, Q. (2022). The reaction speed of different types of training on fencing athletes. Rev Bras Med Esporte, 28(2), 141-143. https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202228022021_0453
• Yazıcı, M. (2020). Beden eğitimi ve spor yüksek okulu öğrencilerinin “hakem” kavramına ilişkin metaforik algılarının incelenmesi. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(1), 4911-4929. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.691872
• Yetim, A. (2015). Sosyoloji ve spor. Berikan.
• Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2006). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin.
• Yıldız, A. B. (2017). Sporcularda zihinsel dayanıklılık ve öz yeterlilik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. [Yüksek lisans tezi, Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
• Wearden, A. J., Tarrier, N., Barrowclough, C., Zastowny, T.R., & Rahill, A. A. (2000). A review of expressed emotion research in health care. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(5), 633-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00008-2
• Werner, D. (2010). Fencer’s start-up: A beginner’s guide to fencing. Tracks Publishing.