THE EFFECT of OMEGA 3, 6,9 and STEARIC ACID on TRACE ELEMENTS in ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION-INDUCED HEART TISSUE in a RAT HIND LIMB MODEL

Abstract

In this study, the effect of omega fatty acids (3, 6, 9) and stearic acid on some trace elements (Cu, Mn and Zn) in heart tissue, which is a distant organ, by creating ischemia/reperfusion in the hind legs of rats was investigated. Animals were divided into ten groups: Control (C), I/R, I/R+Omega 3, I/R+Omega 6, I/R+Omega 9, I/R+stearic acid, omega 3, omega 6, omega 9 and stearic acid groups. I/R was applied to the right hind legs of I/R, I/R+omega 3, I/R+omega 6, I/R+omega 9 and I/R+stearic acid groups under anesthesia. In this study, the levels of Cu, Mn and Zn elements were studied in samples obtained from heart tissue in animal models divided into ten groups using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) device. Compared to the control group, heart tissue’s Cu and Zn levels were low, Mn levels were high but not important in the ischemia group (p>0.05). When ischemia and omega 3, 6, 9 and stearic acid applied groups were compared with the ischemia group, heart tissue’s Cu level was found to be low and Mn level was higher, but this result was not important (p>0.05). Compared to the ischemia group, heart tissue’s Zn levels were found to be notably higher in omega 6+IR, omega 9+IR and stearic acid groups (p<0.05). As a result, I/R application changes trace element levels in heart tissue, which is a distant organ. In the case of I/R, omega fatty acids and stearic acid treatment may provide a protective effect by improving trace element levels.

Keywords

• Omega fatty acids
• stearic acid
• heart tissue
• rat
• trace elements

Thanks

The author would like to be grateful for all referees for their valuable contributions and recommendatios to make better the article. The article was presented by being renewed and improved, taking into account the comments of the referees.

References

1. [1] Huang, T., Wang, W., Tu, C., Yang, Z., Bramwell, D. and Sun, X., (2015), Hydrogen-rich saline attenuates ischemia–reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle, Journal of Surgical Research, 194(2),471-480.
2. [2] Iskra, M., Barałkiewicz, D., Majewski, W. and Pioruńska-Stolzmann, M., (2005), Serum magnesium, copper and zinc concentration changes in lower limb ischemia and postoperative treatment, Magnesium Research, 18(4), 261-267.
3. [3] Iskra, M. and Patelski, J., (1993), Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, zinc and copper in relation to free fatty acids and cholesterol in serum of athe-rosclerotic men, Trace Element Analytical Chemistryin Medicine and Biology, 6, 261.
4. [4] De Mel, D. and Suphioglu, C., (2014), Fishy business: effect of omega-3 fatty acids on zinc transporters and free zinc availability in human neuronal cells, Nutrients, 6(8), 3245-3258.
5. [5] Xu, Z. and Zhou, J., (2013), Zinc and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, Biometals, 26(6), 863-878.
6. [6] Korb, S.M., Albornoz, G. and Light, J.A., (1990), Selenium addition to the flush/preservation solution protects kidneys against oxidative stress during warm and cold ischemia, Transplant Proc, 22(2),452–454.
7. [7] Treska, V., Kuntscher, V., Molacek, J., Kobr, J., Racek, J. and Trefil, L., (2003), Can ischemia-reperfusion syndrome in transplanted kidneys procured from non-heart-beating donors be influenced by adding selenium into the reperfusion solution? An experimental study, Transplant Proc, 35(8),3125–3127.
8. [8] Soncul, H., Kaptanoglu, M., Öz, E., Halit, V., Bilgehan, A., Çaycı, B., Gökgöz, L., Turkozan, N. and Ersoz, A., (1994), The role of selenium added to pulmonary preservation solutions in isolated guinea pig lungs, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 108(5),922–927.

9. [9] Lymbury, R., Venardos, K. and Perkins, A.V., (2006), Effect of sodium selenite-enriched reperfusion solutions on rat cardiac ischemia–reperfusion injury, Biol Trace Elem Res Winter, 114(1–3),197–206.
10. [10] Cheng, Y., Liu, Y. and Liang, J., (2002), Zinc is a potent heat shock protein inducer during liver cold preservation in rats, Chin Med J, 115(12),1777–1779.
11. [11] Gałecka, E., Jacewicz, R., Mrowiska, M., Florkowski, A. and Gałecki, P., (2008), Antioxidative enzymes—structure, properties, functions, Pol Merk Lek, XXV(147), 266.
12. [12] Ostróżka-Cieślik, A., Ryszka, F. and Dolińska, B., (2008), Characteristic of the solutions used for perfusion and preservation of organs, Ann Acad Med Siles, 62(1),70–75.
13. [13] Dolińska, B., Ostróżka-Cieślik, A., Caban, A., Cierpka, L. and Ryszka, F., (2012), Comparing the effect of Biolasol and HTK solutions on maintaining proper homeostasis, indicating the kidney storage efficiency prior to transplantation, Ann Transplant, 17(2),74–78.
14. [14] Ryszka, F., Dolińska, B., Caban, A., Ostróżka-Cieślik, A., Budziński, G., Krzysztofik, M., Oczkowicz, G. and Cierpka, L., (2011), Hepatoprotective effect of prolactin and cysteine contained in perfusion and preservation solutions on porcine liver stored in simple hypothermia, Transplant Proc, 43(8),2882–2886.
15. [15] Soetan, K.O., Olaiya, C.O. and Oyewole, O.E., (2010), The importance of mineral elements for humans, domestic animals and plants: A review, African Journal of Food Science, 4(5), 200-222.
16. [16] Aswathanarayana, U., Professor (1994), Trace Substances Environment and Health, Science Reviews, 222-3.
17. [17] Yamashita, N., Hoshida, S., Taniguchi, N., Kuzuya, T. and Hori, M., (1998), Whole-body hyperthermia provides biphasic cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat, Circulation, 98(14), 1414-1421.
18. [18] Jayasooriya, A.P., Ackland, M.L., Mathai, M.L., Sinclair, A.J., Weisinger, H.S., Weisinger, R.S., Halver, J.E., Kitajka, K. and Puskás, L.G., (2005), Perinatal omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supply modifies brain zinc homeostasis during adulthood, Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA, 102, 7133–7138.
19. [19] Meganathan, M., Madhana Gopal, K., Sasikala, P., Mohan, J., Gowdhaman, N., Balamurugan, K., Nirmala, P., Santhakumari, S. and Samuel, V., (2011), Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Effect of Omega 3-Fatty Acid against Paracetamol Induced Liver Injury in Albino Rats, Global Journal of Pharmacology, 5 (1), 50-53.
20. [20] Konukoğlu, D., (2008), Omega-3 ve omega-6 yağ asitlerinin özellikleri, etkileri ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklar ile ilişkileri, Türk Aile Hek Derg, 12(3), 121-129.
21. [21] Glozman, S., Green, P. and Yavin, E., (1998), Intraamniotic ethyl docosahexaenoate administration protects fetal rat brain from ischemic stress, J Neurochem, 70,2484–2491.
22. [22] Miyauchi, O., Mizota, A., Adachi-Usami, E. and Nishikawa, M., (2001), Protective effect of docosahexaenoic acid against retinal ischemic injury: an electroretinographic study, Ophthalmic Res, 33,191–195.
23. [23] Lopez-Neblina, F., Toledo, A.H. and Toledo-Pereyra, L.H., (2005), Molecular biology of apoptosis in ischemia and reperfusion, J Invest Surg, 18,335–350.
24. [24] Bell, R.D., and Zlokovic, B.V., (2009), Neurovascular mechanisms and the blood–brain barrier disorder in Alzheimer's disease, Acta Neuropathol, 118,103–113.
25. [25] Bazan, N.G., Marcheselli, V.L. and Cole-Edwards, K., (2005), Brain response to injury and neurodegeneration: endogenous neuroprotective signaling, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1053,137–147.
26. [26] Bazan, N.G., (2009), Cellular and molecular events mediated by docosahexaenoic acid-derived neuroprotectin D1 signaling in photoreceptor cell survival and brain protection, Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids, 81,205–211.
27. [27] Gillani, S., Cao, J., Suzuki, T. and Hak, D. J., (2012), The effect of ischemia reperfusion injury on skeletal muscle, Injury, 43(6), 670-675.
28. [28] Bezard, J., Blond, J., Bernard, A. and Clouet, P., (1994), Themetabolism and availability of essential fatty acids in animal and human tissues, Reprod Nutr Dev, 34 (6), 539–568.
29. [29] Huang, Y.S., Cunnane, S.C., Horrobin, D.F. and Davignon, J., (1982), Most biological effects of zinc deficiency corrected by γ-linolenic acid (18:3w6) but not by linoleic acid (18:2w6), Atherosclerosis, 41 (2–3), 193–207.
30. [30] Horrobin, D.F., (1981), Loss of delta-6-desaturase activity as a key factor in aging, Med Hypotheses, 7 (9), 1211–1220.
31. [31] Sfar, S., El Heni, J., Laporte, F., Braham, H., Jawed, A., Amor, S., Sfar M.T. and Kerkeni, A. (2012), Trace element status and fatty acids metabolism during healthy ageing: An example of a population from the Tunisian eastern coast, Experimental gerontology, 47(3), 243-249.
32. [32] Djurhuus, M.S., Klitgaard, N.A., Pedersen, K.K., Blaabjerg, O., Altura, B.M., Altura, B.T. and Henriksen, J.E., (2001), Magnesium reduces insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and serum lipid concentrations in type 1 diabetes, Metabolism, 50 (12), 1409–1417.
33. [33] Kruger, M.C. and Horrobin, D.F., (1997), Calcium metabolism, osteoporosis and essential fatty acids: a review, Prog Lipid Res, 36 (2–3), 131–151.
34. [34] Plum, L. M., Rink, L., and Haase, H., (2010), The essential toxin: impact of zinc on human health, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 7(4), 1342-1365.
35. [35] Reiterer, G., MacDonald, R., Browning, J.D., Morrow, J., Matveev, S.V., Daugherty, A., Smart, E., Toborek, M., and Hennig, B., (2005), Zinc deficiency increases plasma lipids and atherosclerotic markers in LDL-receptor-deficient mice, J Nutr, 135(9),2114-2118.
36. [36] Bhatt, A., Farooq, M.U., Enduri, S., Pillainayagam, C., Naravetla, B., Razak, A., Safdar, A., Hussain, S., Kassab, M., and Majid, A., (2010), Clinical significance of serum zinc levels in cerebral ischemia, Stroke research and treatment.
37. [37] Cuajungco, M. P. and Lees, G. J. (1997), Zinc metabolism in the brain: relevance to human neurodegenerative disorders, Neurobiol Dis, 4(3-4),137-169.
38. [38] Koh, J. Y., Suh, S.W., Gwag, B.J., He, Y.Y., Hsu, C. Y. and Choi, D. W. (1996), The role of zinc in selective neuronal death after transient global cerebral ischemia, Science, 272(5264), 1013-1016.
39. [39] Shuttleworth, C. W. and Weiss, J. H., (2011), Zinc: new clues to diverse roles in brain ischemia, Trends Pharmacol Sci, 32(8), 480-486.
40. [40] De Paula, R. C., Aneni, E.C., Costa, A.P., Figueiredo, V.N., Moura, F.A., Freitas, W.M., Quaglia, L.A., Santos, S.N., Soares, A.A., Nadruz, W., Blaha, Jr., M., Blumenthal, R., Agatston, A., Nasir, K. and Sposito, A.C., (2014), Low zinc levels is associated with increased inflammatory activity but not with atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis or endothelial dysfunction among the very elderly, BBA Clin, 2, 1-6.
41. [41] Akçil, E., Tuğ, T. and Döşeyen, Z., (2000), Antioxidant enzyme activities and trace element concentrations in ischemia-reperfusion, Biological trace element research, 76(1), 13-17.
42. [42] Sırmalı, M., Uz, E., Sırmalı, R., Kılbaş, A., Yılmaz, H.R., Altuntaş, İ., Nazıroğlu, M., Delibaş, N. and Vural, H., (2007), Protective effects of erdosteine and vitamins C and E combination on ischemia–reperfusion-induced lung oxidative stress and plasma copper and zinc levels in a rat hind limb model, Biological trace element research, 118(1), 43-52.
43. [43] Iskra, M. and Majewski, W., (1999), Oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin and concentrations of copper and zinc in serum in chronic arterial occlusion of the lower limbs, Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology, 13(1-2), 76-81.
44. [44] Aydemir, O., Nazıroğlu, M., Celebi, S., Yılmaz, T. and Kükner, A.S., (2004), Antioxidant effects of alpha-gamma- and succinate-tocopherols in guinea pig retina during ischemia-reperfusion injury, Pathophysiology, 11(3), 167-171.
45. [45] Suzuki, K., Murtuza, B., Sammut, I. A., Latif, N., Jayakumar, J., Smolenski, R. T., Kaneda, Y., Sawa, Y., Matsuda, H. and Yacoub, M. H., (2002), Heat shock protein 72 enhances manganese superoxide dismutase activity during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, associated with mitochondrial protection and apoptosis reduction, Circulation, 106(12_suppl_1), I-270.
46. [46] Korkmaz, A., Kolankaya, D., (2010), Protective effect of rutin on the ischemia/reperfusion induced damage in rat kidney, Journal of surgical research, 164(2), 309-315.
47. [47] Váli, L., Stefanovits-Bányai, É., Szentmihályi, K., Fébel, H., Sárdi, É., Lugasi, A., Kocsis, İ. and Blázovics, A., (2007), Liver-protecting effects of table beet (Beta vulgaris var. rubra) during ischemia-reperfusion, Nutrition, 23(2), 172-178.
48. [48] Rao, J., Zhang, C., Wang, P., Lu, L. and Zhang, F., (2010), All-trans retinoic acid alleviates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury by enhancing manganese superoxide dismutase in rats, Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 33(5), 869-875.