Values and Beliefs Matter: Newly Qualified Teachers’ Experiences of Relational Trust
Year 2020,
Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 329 - 347, 30.12.2020
Jenny Haagensen
,
Gunilla Eklund
,
Jessica Aspfors
Abstract
In Nordic and Finnish teacher education, emphasis has often been placed on the teaching process and content over the teachers’ ability to handle and take responsibility for relationships within the profession. This study aims to explore teachers’ experiences of their relationships with pupils and parents as well as their relational competence concerning these after one year of experience in the profession. The study uses the theoretical framing of relational trust. A total of 14 Finnish primary school teachers participated in the study. Data were collected from individual interviews and analysed using qualitative content analysis. Results reveal two main areas of knowledge—enhancements and challenges—relating to how newly qualified teachers experience their relationships with pupils and parents. Based on the results, the importance of enhancing the teachers’ consciousness of own values and beliefs are stressed for the creation of fruitful relationships based on trust.
References
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- Brinkmann, S. & Kvale, S. (2018). Doing interviews. London: SAGE.
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- Burchinal, M. R., Peisne-Feinberg, E., Pianta, R., & Howes, C. (2002). Development of academic skills from preschool through second grade: Family and classroom predictors of developmental trajectories. Journal of School Psychology, 40(5), 415–436.
- Cadima, J., Leal, T., & Burchinal, M. (2010). The quality of teacher–student interactions: Associations with first graders' academic and behavioral outcomes. Journal of School Psychology, 48(6), 457–482.
- Colleague & Author 2 (2014). Article in scientific journal.
- Edwards-Groves, C., Grootenboer, P., & Rönnerman, K. (2016). Facilitating a culture of relational trust in schoolbased action research: recognizing the role of middle leaders. Educational Action Research, 24(3), 369–386.
- Elstad, E. (2020). Lærerutdanning i nordiske land [Teacher education in the Nordic countries]. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget
- Epstein, J. L., & Dauber, S. L. (1991). School programs and teacher practices of parent involvement in inner-city elementary and middle schools. The Elementary School Journal, 91(3), 289–305.
- Farmer, T. W., McAuliffe Lines, M., & Hamm, J. V. (2011). Revealing the invisible hand: The role of teachers in children's peer experiences. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32(5), 247–256.
- Finnish National Board on Research Integrity. (2012) Responsible conduct of research and procedures for handling allegations of misconduct in Finland. Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity, Helsinki, Finland. Retrieved from https://www.tenk.fi/en
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- Hatak, I., & Roessl, D. (2011). Correlating relational competence with trust. Journal of Information Processing, 19, 221–230.
- Henderson, A. T., & Mapp, K. L. (2002). A new wave of evidence: The impact of school, family, and community connections on student achievement. Austin, TX: National Center for Community Connections with Schools/Southwest Educational Development Laboratory.
- Hendrickx, M. M. H. G., Mainhard, T., Boor-Klip, H. J., & Brekelmans, M. (2017). Our teacher likes you, so I like you: A social network approach to social referencing. Journal of School Psychology, 63, 35–48.
- Holmberg, S., & Rothstein, B. (2016). Mellanmänsklig tillit bygger goda samhällen [Interpersonal trust builds good communities]. In J. Ohlsson, H. Oscarsson & M. Solevid (Eds.), Ekvilibrium [Equilibrium]. Gothenborg: SOM-institute, University of Gothenborg.
- Hughes, J.N., Im, M., & Wehrly, S. E. (2014). Effect of peer nominations of teacher-student support at individual and classroom levels on social and academic outcomes. Journal of School Psychology, 52(3), 309–322.
- Hughes, J.N. (2011). Longitudinal Effects of Teacher and Student Perceptions of Teacher-Student Relationship Qualities on Academic Adjustment. Elementary School Journal, 112(1), 38–60.
- Isenbarger, L., & Zembylas, M. (2006). The emotional labour of caring in teaching. Teaching and Teacher Education, 22(1), 120–134.
- Jakku-Sihvonen, R., Tissar, V., Ots, A., & Uusiautti, S. (2012). Teacher education curriculum after the Bologna process – A comparative analysis of written curricula in Finland and Estonia. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 56(3), 261–275.
- Jensen, B., Sandoval-Hernández, A., Knoll, S., & Gonzales, E. J. (2012). The Experience of New Teachers: Results from TALIS 2008. OECD Publishing. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264120952-en
- Kansanen, P. (2014). Teaching as a master’s level profession in Finland: Theoretical reflections and practical solutions. In O. McNamara, J. Murray, & M. Jones (Eds.), Workplace learning in teacher education. Professional learning and development in schools and higher education (pp. 279–292). Dordrecht: Springer.
- Klinge, L. (2016). Lærerens relationskompetence. En empirisk undersøgelse af, hvordan lærerens relationskompetence viser sig i interaktioner med elever og klasser i almenundervisningen i folkeskolen [Teachers’ relational competence. An empirical study of teachers’ relational competence in the interaction with pupils and classes in general teaching in elementary school]. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab, Københavns Universitet.
- Korpela, H. (30. May 2019). Luokanoppettajakoulutukseen hakevien määrä romahti, mutta opettajapulaa ei vielä ole näköpiirissä [The applications to primary school teacher education decreased, but there is yet no lack of teachers]. Helsingin Sanomat. Retrieved from https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000006125103.html
- Košir, K., Sočan, G., & Pečjak, S. (2007). The role of interpersonal relationships with peers and with teachers in students’ academic achievement. Review of Psychology, 14(1), 43–58.
- Lauvås, P., & Handal, G. (2015). Handledning och praktisk yrkesteori [Couching and practical professional theory]. Lund: Studentlitteratur.
- Leis, M., Rimm-Kaufman, S. E., Paxton, C. L. C., & Sandilos, L. E. (2017). Leading together –strengthening relational trust in the adult school community. Journal of School Leadership, 27, 831–859.
- Løw, O. (2011). Pedagogisk handledning [Educational couching]. Lund: Studentlitteratur.
- Mandarakas, M. (2014). Teachers and Parent—School Engagement: International Perspectives on Teachers' Preparation for and Views about Working with Parents. Global Studies of Childhood, 4(1), 21–27.
- McGrath, K. F., & Van Bergen, P. (2015). Who, when, why and to what end? Students at risk of negative student–teacher relationships and their outcomes. Educational Research Review, 14, 1–17.
- Nordenbo, S. E., Søgaard Larsen, M., Tiftikçi, N., Wendt, R. E., & Østergaard, S. (2008). Lærerkompetanser og elevers læring i førskole og skole: Et systematisk review utført for Kunnskapsdepartementet, Oslo [Teachers’ competences and pupils’ learning in preschool and elementary school]. Copenhagen: Dansk clearinghouse for uddannelsesforskning, Aarhus university.
- O' Connor, K. E. (2008). 'You choose to care': Teachers, emotions and professional identity. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(1), 117–126.
- OECD (2019). TALIS 2018 Results (Volume I): Teachers and school leaders as lifelong learners, TALIS. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi: https://doi.org/10.1787/1d0bc92a-en
- Putnam, R. (2015). Our kids. The American dream in crises. New York: Simon and Schuster.
- Puustinen, M., Säntti, J., Koski, A., & Tammi, T. (2018). Teaching: A practical or research-based profession? Teacher candidates' approaches to research-based teacher education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 74, 170–179. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.05.004
- Robbins, B. G. (2016). From the general to the specific: How social trust motivates relational trust. Social Science Research, 55, 16–30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.09.004
- Sjølie, E. (2014). Pedagogy is just common sense. A case study of student teachers’ academic learning practices (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim.
- Skibsted, E., & Matthiesen, N. (Eds.). (2016). Relationskompetencer i laereruddannelse og skole [Relational competences in teacher education and school]. Fredrikshavn: Dafolo.
- Skibsted, E., & Vedsgaard Christensen, M. (2016). Relationskompetence – hvad taler vi om? [Relational competence – what are we talking about?]. In E. Skibested & N. Matthiesen (Eds.), Relationskompetencer i laereruddannelse og skole [Relational competences in teacher education and school]. Fredrikshavn: Dafolo.
- Stake, R. E., & Trumbull, D. (1982). Naturalistic generalizations. Review Journal of Philosophy and Social Science, 7(1), 1–12.
- Topor, D. R., Kean, S. P., Shelton, T. L., & Calkins, S. D. (2010). Parent involvement and student academic performance: A multiple mediational analysis. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 38(3), 183–197.
- Veenman, S. (1984). Perceived problems of beginning teachers. Review of Education Research, 54(2), 143–178.
- Weinstein, J., Raczynski, D., & Peña, J. (2020). Relational trust and positional power between school principals and teachers in Chile: A study of primary school. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 48(1), 64–81.
Year 2020,
Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 329 - 347, 30.12.2020
Jenny Haagensen
,
Gunilla Eklund
,
Jessica Aspfors
References
- Afdal, W. H. (2012). Constructing knowledge for the teaching profession. A comparative analysis of policy making, curricula content, and novice teachers’ knowledge relations in the cases of Finland and Norway (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Oslo.
- Andreasson, U. (2017). Tillit – det nordiska guldet [Trust – the Nordic gold]. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.
- Aspelin, J. (2015). Lärares relationskompetens – Begreppsdiskussion med stöd i Martin Bubers begrepp ”det sociala” och ”det mellanmänskliga” [Teachers’ relational competence – A conceptual discussion based on Martin Buber’s concept ” the social” and ”the interpersonal”]. Utbildning & Demokrati, 24(3), 49–63.
- Atik, S., Demirtaş, H. & Aksoy, M. (2019). The Mediating Effect of the Trust of Managers in Teachers in the Relation between Manager Support and Organizational Justice. Journal of Teacher Education and Educators, 8(3), 265–280.
- Author 3, Author 2 & Colleague (2019). Article in scientific journal.
- Brinkmann, S. & Kvale, S. (2018). Doing interviews. London: SAGE.
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063o
- Bryk, A.S., & Schneider, B. (2003). Trust in schools: a core resource for school reform. Educational Leadership, 60(6), 40–45.
- Burchinal, M. R., Peisne-Feinberg, E., Pianta, R., & Howes, C. (2002). Development of academic skills from preschool through second grade: Family and classroom predictors of developmental trajectories. Journal of School Psychology, 40(5), 415–436.
- Cadima, J., Leal, T., & Burchinal, M. (2010). The quality of teacher–student interactions: Associations with first graders' academic and behavioral outcomes. Journal of School Psychology, 48(6), 457–482.
- Colleague & Author 2 (2014). Article in scientific journal.
- Edwards-Groves, C., Grootenboer, P., & Rönnerman, K. (2016). Facilitating a culture of relational trust in schoolbased action research: recognizing the role of middle leaders. Educational Action Research, 24(3), 369–386.
- Elstad, E. (2020). Lærerutdanning i nordiske land [Teacher education in the Nordic countries]. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget
- Epstein, J. L., & Dauber, S. L. (1991). School programs and teacher practices of parent involvement in inner-city elementary and middle schools. The Elementary School Journal, 91(3), 289–305.
- Farmer, T. W., McAuliffe Lines, M., & Hamm, J. V. (2011). Revealing the invisible hand: The role of teachers in children's peer experiences. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32(5), 247–256.
- Finnish National Board on Research Integrity. (2012) Responsible conduct of research and procedures for handling allegations of misconduct in Finland. Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity, Helsinki, Finland. Retrieved from https://www.tenk.fi/en
- Finnish National Agency for Education (2018). Finnish teachers and principals in figures. Helsinki: Finnish National Agency for Education.
- Hatak, I., & Roessl, D. (2011). Correlating relational competence with trust. Journal of Information Processing, 19, 221–230.
- Henderson, A. T., & Mapp, K. L. (2002). A new wave of evidence: The impact of school, family, and community connections on student achievement. Austin, TX: National Center for Community Connections with Schools/Southwest Educational Development Laboratory.
- Hendrickx, M. M. H. G., Mainhard, T., Boor-Klip, H. J., & Brekelmans, M. (2017). Our teacher likes you, so I like you: A social network approach to social referencing. Journal of School Psychology, 63, 35–48.
- Holmberg, S., & Rothstein, B. (2016). Mellanmänsklig tillit bygger goda samhällen [Interpersonal trust builds good communities]. In J. Ohlsson, H. Oscarsson & M. Solevid (Eds.), Ekvilibrium [Equilibrium]. Gothenborg: SOM-institute, University of Gothenborg.
- Hughes, J.N., Im, M., & Wehrly, S. E. (2014). Effect of peer nominations of teacher-student support at individual and classroom levels on social and academic outcomes. Journal of School Psychology, 52(3), 309–322.
- Hughes, J.N. (2011). Longitudinal Effects of Teacher and Student Perceptions of Teacher-Student Relationship Qualities on Academic Adjustment. Elementary School Journal, 112(1), 38–60.
- Isenbarger, L., & Zembylas, M. (2006). The emotional labour of caring in teaching. Teaching and Teacher Education, 22(1), 120–134.
- Jakku-Sihvonen, R., Tissar, V., Ots, A., & Uusiautti, S. (2012). Teacher education curriculum after the Bologna process – A comparative analysis of written curricula in Finland and Estonia. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 56(3), 261–275.
- Jensen, B., Sandoval-Hernández, A., Knoll, S., & Gonzales, E. J. (2012). The Experience of New Teachers: Results from TALIS 2008. OECD Publishing. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264120952-en
- Kansanen, P. (2014). Teaching as a master’s level profession in Finland: Theoretical reflections and practical solutions. In O. McNamara, J. Murray, & M. Jones (Eds.), Workplace learning in teacher education. Professional learning and development in schools and higher education (pp. 279–292). Dordrecht: Springer.
- Klinge, L. (2016). Lærerens relationskompetence. En empirisk undersøgelse af, hvordan lærerens relationskompetence viser sig i interaktioner med elever og klasser i almenundervisningen i folkeskolen [Teachers’ relational competence. An empirical study of teachers’ relational competence in the interaction with pupils and classes in general teaching in elementary school]. Institut for Nordiske Studier og Sprogvidenskab, Københavns Universitet.
- Korpela, H. (30. May 2019). Luokanoppettajakoulutukseen hakevien määrä romahti, mutta opettajapulaa ei vielä ole näköpiirissä [The applications to primary school teacher education decreased, but there is yet no lack of teachers]. Helsingin Sanomat. Retrieved from https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000006125103.html
- Košir, K., Sočan, G., & Pečjak, S. (2007). The role of interpersonal relationships with peers and with teachers in students’ academic achievement. Review of Psychology, 14(1), 43–58.
- Lauvås, P., & Handal, G. (2015). Handledning och praktisk yrkesteori [Couching and practical professional theory]. Lund: Studentlitteratur.
- Leis, M., Rimm-Kaufman, S. E., Paxton, C. L. C., & Sandilos, L. E. (2017). Leading together –strengthening relational trust in the adult school community. Journal of School Leadership, 27, 831–859.
- Løw, O. (2011). Pedagogisk handledning [Educational couching]. Lund: Studentlitteratur.
- Mandarakas, M. (2014). Teachers and Parent—School Engagement: International Perspectives on Teachers' Preparation for and Views about Working with Parents. Global Studies of Childhood, 4(1), 21–27.
- McGrath, K. F., & Van Bergen, P. (2015). Who, when, why and to what end? Students at risk of negative student–teacher relationships and their outcomes. Educational Research Review, 14, 1–17.
- Nordenbo, S. E., Søgaard Larsen, M., Tiftikçi, N., Wendt, R. E., & Østergaard, S. (2008). Lærerkompetanser og elevers læring i førskole og skole: Et systematisk review utført for Kunnskapsdepartementet, Oslo [Teachers’ competences and pupils’ learning in preschool and elementary school]. Copenhagen: Dansk clearinghouse for uddannelsesforskning, Aarhus university.
- O' Connor, K. E. (2008). 'You choose to care': Teachers, emotions and professional identity. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(1), 117–126.
- OECD (2019). TALIS 2018 Results (Volume I): Teachers and school leaders as lifelong learners, TALIS. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi: https://doi.org/10.1787/1d0bc92a-en
- Putnam, R. (2015). Our kids. The American dream in crises. New York: Simon and Schuster.
- Puustinen, M., Säntti, J., Koski, A., & Tammi, T. (2018). Teaching: A practical or research-based profession? Teacher candidates' approaches to research-based teacher education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 74, 170–179. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.05.004
- Robbins, B. G. (2016). From the general to the specific: How social trust motivates relational trust. Social Science Research, 55, 16–30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.09.004
- Sjølie, E. (2014). Pedagogy is just common sense. A case study of student teachers’ academic learning practices (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim.
- Skibsted, E., & Matthiesen, N. (Eds.). (2016). Relationskompetencer i laereruddannelse og skole [Relational competences in teacher education and school]. Fredrikshavn: Dafolo.
- Skibsted, E., & Vedsgaard Christensen, M. (2016). Relationskompetence – hvad taler vi om? [Relational competence – what are we talking about?]. In E. Skibested & N. Matthiesen (Eds.), Relationskompetencer i laereruddannelse og skole [Relational competences in teacher education and school]. Fredrikshavn: Dafolo.
- Stake, R. E., & Trumbull, D. (1982). Naturalistic generalizations. Review Journal of Philosophy and Social Science, 7(1), 1–12.
- Topor, D. R., Kean, S. P., Shelton, T. L., & Calkins, S. D. (2010). Parent involvement and student academic performance: A multiple mediational analysis. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 38(3), 183–197.
- Veenman, S. (1984). Perceived problems of beginning teachers. Review of Education Research, 54(2), 143–178.
- Weinstein, J., Raczynski, D., & Peña, J. (2020). Relational trust and positional power between school principals and teachers in Chile: A study of primary school. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 48(1), 64–81.