<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Karadeniz Araştırmaları</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2536-5126</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2536-5126</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Bilgehan ATSIZ GÖKDAĞ</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.56694/karadearas.1600190</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Medieval History (Other)</subject>
                                                            <subject>Early Modern History (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Ortaçağ Tarihi (Diğer)</subject>
                                                            <subject>Yeniçağ Tarihi (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>BEZOAR TAŞI: ORTAÇAĞ VE YENİÇAĞ&#039;DA ZEHİRLERE KARŞI DOĞAL BİR PANZEHİR</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>BEZOAR STONE: A ORGANIC ANTIDOTE TO POISONS</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5917-0504</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Kavak</surname>
                                    <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>BİLECİK ŞEYH EDEBALİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20250327">
                    <day>03</day>
                    <month>27</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>22</volume>
                                        <issue>85</issue>
                                        <fpage>1</fpage>
                                        <lpage>27</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20241212">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>12</month>
                        <year>2024</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20250304">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>04</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2004, Karadeniz Araştırmaları</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2004</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Karadeniz Araştırmaları</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Bu çalışma, panzehir olarak kullanılmış bezoarların farklı özellikleri hakkında detaylı bilgiler sunmakta olup genel olarak Orta Çağ ve Yeni Çağ kaynaklarına dayanmaktadır. Özellikle, hayvan ve mineral türleri arasında yaban keçilerinden elde edilen hayvan tipi bezoara odaklanılmıştır. Orta Çağ’da &quot;pâd-zehr&quot; veya &quot;ba-zehr&quot; terimleri, &quot;zehirlerden koruma&quot; anlamına gelmekteydi ve bu terimler Avrupa dillerine &quot;bezoar&quot; olarak evrildi. Antik dönemde pek tanınmayan bu kavram, Orta Çağ boyunca önem kazanmış ve coğrafi keşiflerle birlikte zirveye ulaşmıştır. Ancak, on dokuzuncu yüzyılın sonlarına doğru bezoara olan ilgi azalmaya başlamıştır. Avrupa’da İran menşeli bezoarların en yüksek kalitede olduğu kabul edilmekte, ancak Hindistan, Endonezya ve Peru’dan da örnekler bulunmaktadır. Tıbbi olarak, bezoarlar genellikle toz haline getirilip sıvı ile karıştırılarak zehirlenme tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca, ani zehirlenmelere karşı koruma amacıyla takı olarak da kullanılmaktadır. Ancak nadir olmaları nedeniyle sahte bezoarların yaygın olduğu, piyasaya sürülen bezoarların yaklaşık yüzde doksanının sahte olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Gerçekliklerini test etme yöntemleri, Orta Çağ’da hekimler ve kuyumcular tarafından geliştirilmiştir.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This study provides detailed information on the different properties of bezoar, which has been used as an antidote, based on Middle Ages and Early Modern sources. Specifically, it will focus on the animal type of bezoar obtained from wild goats, among the various animal and mineral types. In the medieval, the terms &quot;pâd-zehr&quot; or &quot;ba-zehr,&quot; meaning &quot;protecting against poisons,&quot; evolved into the European term &quot;bezoar.&quot; This concept, while not widely recognized in antiquity, gained prominence during the medieval, peaking in the modern era due to new geographical discoveries. However, interest began to wane by the late nineteenth century.  Bezoars from Iran are considered the highest quality, but examples exist from India, Indonesia, and Peru. Medically, bezoars are typically ground into powder and mixed with liquid to treat poisonings. They are also worn in jewellery for protection against sudden poisoning. However, counterfeit bezoars are prevalent due to their rarity, with estimates suggesting that around ninety percent of marketed bezoars are fake. Methods for testing their authenticity were developed by physicians and jewellers in the Middle Ages.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Bezoar taşı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  pad-zehr</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  mineral bezoar</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  hayvansal bezaor.</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Bezoar stone</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  pad-zehr</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  mineral bezoar</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  animal bezoar.</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ARMITAGE, E. S. (1881). Richard I. and Edward I, London: Longmans, Green, and Co.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">BAVHINI, C. B. (1613), De lapidis Bezaar orient. et occident, Basileae [Basel]: Apud Conr. Waldkirch.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">BIANCHI, T. X. (1850), Lisan-i Türkiyye ve Fransaviyye’nin Lügati: Dictionnarie Turc-Français, Paris: b.y.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">BOS, G. (2022), The Medical Works of Moses Maimonides, Leiden: Brill.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">CHRISTIE’S (2024), “A silver and parcel-gilt bezoar stone holder and stone”. Erişim 1 Eylül 2024, 
https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-4438819.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">CRESSEY, N. (1879), Natural History of Bezoar Stones, Calculi and Other Animal Concretions, Hartford: Lockwood&amp;Barinard Company.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">D&#039;ABANO, P. (1593), Traicté des venims de Pierre d&#039;Abano. (çev.  Lazare Boet), Lyon: Jean Huguetan.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">EL-BÎRÛNÎ (2017), Kıymetli Taşlar ve Metaller Kitabı (el-Cemâhir fî Ma‘rifeti’l-Cevâhir), (çev. Emine Sonnur Özcan), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ELGOOD, C. (1935), “Treatise on the Bezoar Stone by the late Mahmud ibn Masud the Imad-ul-Din the Physician of Ispahan”, Annals of Medical His-tory, 7/1: 73-80.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">FIGUEROA, L. M. (2014), “The Bezoar Stone: A Natural Wonder in the New World”, Hispanófila, 171/1: 139-156.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">FRYER, J. (1912), A New Account of East India and Persia Being</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nine Years’ Travels 1672-1681, (ed. William Crooke), v. 2, London: The Hakluyt Soci-ety.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">GELİBOLULU SÜRÛRÎ (2022), Şerh-i Mûcez Fi’t-Tıbb: İbnü’n-</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nefîs’in el-Mûcez fi’t-Tıbb’ının Şerhi, (haz. Mücahit Kaçar), İstanbul: Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">HASAN B. ABDURRÂHMAN (2024),  Tercüme-i Mâ-Lâ Yesa’u’t-</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tabîbe Cehluhu: Hekimlere Gerekli Bilgiler. (haz. Sibel Murad), İstanbul: Türkiye Yaz-ma Eserler Kurumu.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">HUDÛDÜ’L-ÂLEM, Mine’l-Meşrik İle’l-Mağrib, (2002), (thk.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yusuf el-Hâdî, Kahire: Dâru’s-Sekâfe.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">HÜBSCHMANN, H. (1895), Persische Studien, Strassburg, Verlag von Karl J. Trübner.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İBN FAZLULLAH EL-ÖMERÎ (2002), Mesâlikü&#039;l-ebsâr fî memâliki&#039;l-emsâr, (thk. İbrahim Salih), Abu Dabi: el-Mecmaü&#039;s-Sekâfî.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İBN SÎNÂ (1999), el-Kânûn fî’t-Tıbb, (thk. Muhammed Emin ed-</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dannavi), Beyrut: Dârü&#039;l-Kütübi&#039;l-&#039;İlmiyye.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İBNÜ’L-BAYTAR (1992), Kitâbü’l-Câmiʿ li-Müfredâti’l-Edviye ve’l-Ağziye. c. 1, Beyrut: Dârü&#039;l-Kütübi&#039;l-&#039;İlmiyye.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İBNÜ&#039;N-NEFÎS (2008/1429), el-Mûcez fi’tıbb, (thk. Abdülkerim el-Azbavî), Kahire: b.y.,</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">JAMB. (2024), “In Conversation with Robert Kime”. Erişim 2 Eylül</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">2024. https://www.jamb.co.uk/blog/in-conversation-with-robert-kime/.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">KUNSTHISTORISCHES MUSEUM. (2024), “Bezoar”. Erişim 5 Eylül</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">2024. https://www.khm.at/objektdb/detail/87180/.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MAKDİSİ (1906), Ahsenü&#039;t-takâsim fî maʿrifeti&#039;l-ekâlim, (thk. M. J. De Goeje), Leiden: Brill.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MONARDES, N. (1596), Joyfull newes out of the new-found worlde. (çev.  John Frampton, London: E. Allde.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MUHAMMED B. GARSÜDDÎN EL-HALEBÎ (2023), Cevher-Nâme (İnceleme-Sadeleştirilmiş Me-tin Tıpkıbasım/
Çeviriyazılı Metin-Dizin). İstanbul: DBY Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MÜTERCİM ÂSIM EFENDİ (2022), Burhân-ı Katı, (3. bs.), (haz. Mürsel Öztürk - Derya Örs), Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ORTA. G. (1913), Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India, (çev.  Clements Markham), London: Henry Sotheran and Co.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">POMET, P. (1748), A Complete History of Druggs: Book I. of Animals, London.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">PONCET, C. J. (1709), A Voyage to Ethiopia, in the years 1698, 1699, and 1700, Dolphin: W. Lewis.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">SAKIZLI İSA EFENDİ (2019), Nizâmü’l-Edviye, (haz. Mükerrem</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bedizel Aydın - Sibel Murad, Ankara: Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">SALİH BİN NASRULLAH (2019), Beden Sağlığının Korunması:</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gâyetü’l-Beyân fî Tedbîri Bedeni’l-İnsân, (haz. Ali Işık), Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">SEZEN, G. (2021), “Taşları Okumak: Devadan Ötesi, Bezoardan</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yada Taşına”, Sakızlı İsa Efendi ve Nizâmü’l- Edviye’si Üzerine İncelemeler, (ed. Sibel Murad - Mücahit Kaçar), İstanbul: DBY Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">SOTHEBY&#039;S. (2024), “The Guennol Bezoar Stone”. Erişim 1 Eylül</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">2024.https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2023/master-paintings-and-sculpture-part-ii/german-circa-1570-1620.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">STARK, M. P. (2003), “Mounted Bezoar Stones, Seychelles Nuts,</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">and Rhinoceros Horns: Decorative Objects as Antidotes in Early Modern Europe”, Stu-dies in the Decorative Arts. 11/1: 69-94.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">SUDHOFF, K. (1925), “Pestschriften aus den ersten 150 Jahren nach der Epidemie des “schwarzen Todes” 1348”, Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin. Bd. 17, H. 1/3 (Mai 1925): 2-139.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ŞİRVÂNÎ (1999), Tuhfe-i Murâdî (İnceleme-Metin-Dizin), (haz. Mustafa Argunşah), Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ŞÜKÜN, Z. (1944), Farsça-Türkçe Lûgat: Gencinei Güftar Ferhengi</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ziya. İstanbul: Maarif Matbaası.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">TAVERNIER, J.B. (1925),  Travels in India, v. 1, 2nd edition.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">(haz. William Crooke), London: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">THOMPSON, C.J.S. (1923), Poison Mysteries in History, Romance</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">and Crime, London: The Scientific Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">THORINGTON, J. M. (1944), “The Ibex and Chamois in Ancient</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Medicine”, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 15/1: 65–78.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">THORNDIKE, L. (1941),  History of Magic and Experimental</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Science, v. 5. New York: Columbia University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">TÎFÂŞÎ (1977), Ezhârü&#039;l-efkâr fî cevâhiri&#039;l-ahcâr, (thk. Mahmûd Besyuni Hafaci - Muhammed Yusuf Hasan, [Kahire]: el-Hey&#039;etü&#039;l-Mısriyyetü&#039;l-Âmme li&#039;l-Kitâb.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">TULUM, M. (2021), Meninski’nin Thesaursus’u ve XVII. Yüzyıl</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İstanbul Türkçesi, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">WEAVER, S. (2021), The Goat: A Natural History, London: Ivy Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">WHITE, C. (2023),  İstanbul’da Üç Yıl: Türklerin Örf ve Âdetleri,</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">1841-1844 / Three Years in Constantinople or, Domestic Manners of the Turks in 1844, c. 1, (çev.  Zeynep Rona), İstanbul: Kitapyayınevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref64">
                        <label>64</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">WHITE, C. (2024), İstanbul’da Üç Yıl: Türklerin Örf ve Âdetleri,</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref65">
                        <label>65</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">1841-1844 / Three Years in Constantinople or, Domestic</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref66">
                        <label>66</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Manners of the Turks in 1844, c. 2, (çev.  Zeynep Rona), İstanbul: Kitapyayınevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
