kashed Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği Dergisi 2458-7621 Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireleri Derneği ​Internal Diseases Nursing​ Obstetrics and Gynocology Nursing Public Health Nursing Nursing (Other) Dahili Hastalıklar Hemşireliği Doğum ve Kadın Hastalıkları Hemşireliği Halk Sağlığı Hemşireliği Hemşirelik (Diğer) Gebe İnek Sütündeki Östrojen, Progesteron ve Kadın Sağlığı Estrogen, Progesterone in Pregnant Cow's Milk and Women's Health https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1236-6929 Uyar Hazar Hale BITLIS EREN UNIVERSITY https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8771-0109 Kaya Seçkin BITLIS EREN UNIVERSITY 03 31 2026 12 1 46 61 11 20 2024 03 19 2026 Copyright © 2014, Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği Dergisi 2014 Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği Dergisi

Süt ve süt ürünleri zengin besin içeriği sayesinde günlük olarak belli bir miktarda tüketilmesi önerilen besin grubudur. Üretim teknolojisindeki gelişmeler sonucunda ineklerin daha sık gebe kalması ve daha uzun dönemlerde süt elde edilmesi sağlanmaktadır. Gebe ineklerin serum hormon profilinde görülen değişiklikler sütte de gözlemlenmektedir. Bu çalışmada gebe olan ve olmayan inek sütlerinde bulunan östrojen ve progesteronun kadın sağlığına etkisini inceleyen çalışma sonuçlarının gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Literatürde inek sütünün östrojen ve progesteron içeriğini inceleyen çalışmalar gebelik durumu belirtilen ve gebelik durumu belirtilmeyen olarak iki farklı şekilde sınıflandırıldı ve östrojen (Estron, Estradioller ve Estriol), progesteron miktarları ayrı ayrı incelendi. Günlük en fazla alınabilecek eksojen hormon miktarı ve konu hakkındaki literatür verileri bu amaç doğrultusunda değerlendirildi. Sonuç olarak eksojen olarak farklı kaynaklardan alınan östrojen ve progesteronun, başta kadınlarda olmak üzere, bir dizi hastalık ile ilişkilendirildiği görüldü. Bu bağlamda, gebe inek sütünün sağlık üzerindeki etkilerinin farkındalığı sağlanarak önlemler konusunda alternatif yaklaşımlara dikkat çekildi.

Milk and dairy products are a food group that is recommended to be consumed in a certain amount daily, thanks to their rich nutritional content. As a result of developments in production technology, cows become pregnant more frequently and milk is produced for longer periods. Changes in the serum hormone profile of pregnant cows are also observed in milk. In this study, it is aimed to review the results of studies examining the effects of estrogen and progesterone in pregnant and non-pregnant cow milk on women's health. Studies in the literature examining the estrogen and progesterone content of cow's milk were classified into two different categories as pregnancy status specified and non-pregnancy status specified and estrogen (Estrone, Estradiols and Estriol) and progesterone amounts were analyzed separately. he maximum amount of exogenous hormone that can be taken daily and literature data on the subject were evaluated for this purpose. As a result, it was observed that exogenous intake of estrogen and progesterone from different sources is associated with a number of diseases, especially in women. In this context, awareness of the effects of pregnant cow's milk on health was raised and attention was drawn to alternative approaches to precautions.

 Gebe inek sütü kadın sağlığı östrojen progesteron Estrogen pregnant cow’s milk progesterone women Ahmad, F. M., ve Benor, A. (2025). Dairy Consumption and Its Impact on PCOS and the Reproductive System: The Connection. Cureus, 17(4), e82116. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.82116 Aksglaede, L., Juul, A., Leffers, H., Skakkebæk, N. E., ve Andersson, A. M. (2006). The sensitivity of the child to sex steroids: Possible impact of exogenous estrogens. Içinde Human Reproduction Update (C. 12, Sayı 4, ss. 341-349). Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dml018 Alam, M. G. S., ve Ghosh, A. (1994). Plasma and milk progesterone concentrations and early pregnancy in Zebu cows. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 7(1), 131-136. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1994.131 Andersson, A. M., ve Skakkebæk, N. E. (1999). Exposure to exogenous estrogens in food: Possible impact on human development and health. European Journal of Endocrinology, 140(6), 477-485. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1400477 Appleby, P., Beral, V., González, A. B. de, Colin, D., Franceschi, S., Goodhill, A., Green, J., Peto, J., Plummer, M., ve Sweetland, S. (2007). Cervical cancer and hormonal contraceptives: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data for 16 573 women with cervical cancer and 35 509 women without cervical cancer from 24 epidemiological studies. Lancet, 370(9599), 1609-1621. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61684-5 Besler, H. T., Rakıcıoğlu, N., Ayaz, A., Demirel, Z. B., Gökmen Özel, H., Eroğlu Samur, G., Akal Yıldız, E., Bilgiç, P., Dikmen, D., Ünal, R. N., Göktaş, Z., Kızıl, M., Akyol Mutlu, A., Fisunoğlu, M., Güleç, A., Çiftçi, S., Yılmaz, D., Ede, G., Erçim, R. E., … Yürük, A. (2015). Türki̇ye ’ye özgü besi̇n ve beslenme rehberi̇ (Birinci Ba). Merdiven Reklam Tanıtım. Brake, T., ve Lambert, P. F. (2005). Estrogen contributes to the onset, persistence, and malignant progression of cervical cancer in a human papillomavirus-transgenic mouse model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(7), 2490-2495. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0409883102 Chen, C., Mi, X., Yuan, Y., Chen, G., Ren, L., Wang, K., Zhu, D., ve Qian, Y. (2014). A preliminary risk assessment of potential exposure to naturally occurring estrogens from Beijing (China) market milk products. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 71, 74-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2014.05.028 Chen, W. Y. (2008). Exogenous and endogenous hormones and breast cancer. Içinde Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (C. 22, Sayı 4, ss. 573-585). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2008.08.001 Christenson, R. K., Ford, J. J., ve Redmer, D. A. (1985). Metabolic clearance and production rates of oestradiol and progesterone during pubertal and postpubertal development in gilts. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 75(1), 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0750247 Chung, S. H., ve Lambert, P. F. (2009). Prevention and treatment of cervical cancer in mice using estrogen receptor antagonists. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(46), 19467-19472. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911436106 Colazo, M. G., Ambrose, D. J., Kastelic, J. P., ve Small, J. A. (2008). Comparison of 2 enzyme immunoassays and a radioimmunoassay for measurement of progesterone concentrations in bovine plasma, skim milk, and whole milk. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 72(1), 32-36. Courant, F., Antignac, J. P., Laille, J., Monteau, F., Andre, F., ve Le Bizec, B. (2008). Exposure assessment of prepubertal children to steroid endocrine disruptors. 2. Determination of steroid hormones in milk, egg, and meat samples. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(9), 3176-3184. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf800096f Courant, F., Antignac, J. P., Maume, D., Monteau, F., Andre, F., ve Le Bizec, B. (2007). Determination of naturally occurring oestrogens and androgens in retail samples of milk and eggs. Food Additives and Contaminants, 24(12), 1358-1366. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701329637 Ervin, S. M., Li, H., Lim, L., Roberts, L. R., Liang, X., Mani, S., ve Redinbo, M. R. (2019). Gut microbial β-glucuronidases reactivate estrogens as components of the estrobolome that reactivate estrogens. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 294(49), 18586-18599. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.RA119.010950 Farke, C., Rattenberger, E., Roiger, S. U., ve Meyer, H. H. D. (2011). Bovine colostrum: Determination of naturally occcurring steroid hormones by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(4), 1423-1427. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf103751z Farlow, D. W., Xu, X., ve Veenstra, T. D. (2012). Comparison of estrone and 17β-estradiol levels in commercial goat and cow milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(4), 1699-1708. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-5072 Food and Drug Administration. (2022). General Principles for Evaluating the Human Food Safety of New Animal Drugs Used In Food-Producing Animals. Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services, 3, 1-33. Foote, R. H., Oltenacu, E. A., Kummerfeld, H. L., Smith, R. D., Riek, P. M., ve Braun, R. K. (1979). Milk progesterone as a diagnostic aid. The British veterinary journal, 135(6), 550-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1935(17)30009-X Ganmaa, D., Wang, P. Y., Qin, L. Q., Hoshi, K., ve Sato, A. (2001). Is milk responsible for male reproductive disorders? Medical Hypotheses, 57(4), 510-514. https://doi.org/10.1054/mehy.2001.1380 Gilman, A. R., Buckett, W., Son, W. Y., Lefebvre, J., Mahfoudh, A. M., ve Dahan, M. H. (2017). The relationship between fat and progesterone, estradiol, and chorionic gonadotropin levels in Quebec cow’s milk. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 34(11), 1567-1569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-017-1025-0 Goyon, A., Cai, J. Z., Kraehenbuehl, K., Hartmann, C., Shao, B., ve Mottier, P. (2016). Determination of steroid hormones in bovine milk by LC-MS/MS and their levels in Swiss Holstein cow milk. Food Additives and Contaminants-Part A, 33(5), 804-816. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2016.1175186 Hall, J. E. (2013). Guyton ve Hall Tıbbi Fizyoloji (J. E. Hall, B. Ç. Yeğen, İ. Alican, ve Z. Solakoğlu, Ed.; Onikinci B). Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri. Hamajima, N., Hirose, K., Tajima, K., Rohan, T., Friedenreich, C. M., Calle, E. E., Gapstur, S. M., Patel, A. V., Coates, R. J., Liff, J. M., Talamini, R., Chantarakul, N., Koetsawang, S., Rachawat, D., Marcou, Y., Kakouri, E., Duffy, S. W., Morabia, A., Schuman, L., … Fukao, A. (2012). Menarche, menopause, and breast cancer risk: Individual participant meta-analysis, including 118 964 women with breast cancer from 117 epidemiological studies. The Lancet Oncology, 13(11), 1141-1151. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70425-4 Hartmann, S., Lacorn, M., ve Steinhart, H. (1998). Natural occurrence of steroid hormones in food. Food Chemistry, 62(1), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(97)00150-7 Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (1988). Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food. Thirty-second report of the join FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (World Health Organization technical report series: 763). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241207639 Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (2000). Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food: Fifty-second report of the join FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (World Health Organization technical report series: 893). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241208937 Joseph, D. J. (2007). Roles for estrogen and progesterone in breast cancer prevention. Içinde Breast Cancer Research (C. 9, Sayı 2, s. 102). BMC. https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr1659 Jouan, P. N., Pouliot, Y., Gauthier, S. F., ve Laforest, J. P. (2006). Hormones in bovine milk and milk products: A survey. Içinde International Dairy Journal (C. 16, Sayı 11, ss. 1408-1414). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2006.06.007 Key, T. J., Appleby, P. N., Reeves, G. K., Roddam, A., Dorgan, J. F., Longcope, C., Stanczyk, F. Z., Stephenson, H. E., Falk, R. T., Miller, R., Schatzkin, A., Allen, D. S., Fentiman, I. S., Wang, D. Y., Dowsett, M., Thomas, H. V., Hankinson, S. E., Toniolo, P., Akhmedkhanov, A., … Miller, S. R. (2003). Body mass index, serum sex hormones, and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 95(16), 1218-1226. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djg022 Liang, J., ve Shang, Y. (2013). Estrogen and cancer. Içinde Annual Review of Physiology (C. 75, ss. 225-240). Annual Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183708 Lin, T. J., Billiar, R. B., ve Little, B. (1972). Metabolic clearance rate of progesterone in the menstrual cycle. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 35(6), 879-886. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-35-6-879 Longcope, C., Layne, D. S., ve Tait, J. F. (1968). Metabolic clearance rates and interconversions of estrone and 17β-estradiol in normal males and females. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 47(1), 93-106. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci105718 Malekinejad, H., Scherpenisse, P., ve Bergwerff, A. A. (2006). Naturally occurring estrogens in processed milk and in raw milk (from gestated cows). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(26), 9785-9791. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf061972e Maruyama, K., Oshima, T., ve Ohyama, K. (2010). Exposure to exogenous estrogen through intake of commercial milk produced from pregnant cows. Pediatrics International, 52(1), 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200X.2009.02890.x Michels, K. B., Binder, N., Courant, F., Franke, A. A., ve Osterhues, A. (2019). Urinary excretion of sex steroid hormone metabolites after consumption of cow milk: a randomized crossover intervention trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 109(2), 402-410. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy279 Monk, E. L., Erb, R. E., ve Mollett, T. A. (1975). Relationships between ımmunoreactive estrone and estradiol in milk, blood, and urine of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 58(1), 34-40. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84514-0 Muehlhoff, E., Bennett, A., ve McMahon, D. (2013). Milk and Dairy Products in Human Nutrition. Milk and Dairy Products in Human Nutrition. www.fao.org/ Pape-Zambito, D. A., Magliaro, A. L., ve Kensinger, R. S. (2008). 17β-estradiol and estrone concentrations in plasma and milk during bovine pregnancy. Journal of Dairy Science, 91(1), 127-135. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0481 Pape-Zambito, D. A., Roberts, R. F., ve Kensinger, R. S. (2010). Estrone and 17β-estradiol concentrations in pasteurized-homogenized milk and commercial dairy products. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(6), 2533-2540. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2947 Regal, P., Cepeda, A., ve Fente, C. (2012). Development of an LC-MS/MS method to quantify sex hormones in bovine milk and influence of pregnancy in their levels. Food Additives and Contaminants-Part A, 29(5), 770-779. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2011.653989 Rinaldi, S., Plummer, M., Biessy, C., Castellsagué, X., Overvad, K., Kjær, S. K., Tjønneland, A., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Chabbert-Buffet, N., Mesrine, S., Lukanova, A., Kaaks, R., Weikert, C., Boeing, H., Trichopoulou, A., Lagiou, P., Trichopoulos, D., Palli, D., Agnoli, C., … Franceschi, S. (2011). Endogenous sex steroids and risk of cervical carcinoma: Results from the EPIC study. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, 20(12), 2532-2540. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0753 Santen, R. J., Yue, W., ve Wang, J. P. (2015). Estrogen metabolites and breast cancer. Içinde Steroids (C. 99, Sayı Part A, ss. 61-66). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2014.08.003 Shaaban, M. M., ve Klopper, A. (1973). Plasma oestradiol and progesterone concentration in the normal menstrual cycle. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics ve Gynaecology, 80(9), 776-782. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1973.tb11218.x Shapiro, S., Szarewski, A., Cogliano, V., Grosse, Y., Baan, R., Straif, K., Secretan, B., ve El Ghissassi, F. (2005). Oral oestrogen-progestagen contraceptives, menopausal treatment, and cancer. Lancet Oncology, 6(10), 736-737. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70365-X Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. (2024). Hayvancılık Genel Müdürlüğü. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/sgb/Belgeler/SagMenuVeriler/HAYGEM.pdf Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı. (2003). Gıda değeri olan hayvanlara uygulanması yasaklanan ve belli şartlara bağlanan hormon ve benzeri maddeler hakkında tebliğ (Tebliğ No: 2003 /18). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2003/06/20030619.htm#5 Türkiye Beslenme Rehberi (TÜBER) 2022. (2022). T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü (T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 1031), Ankara. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/saglikli-beslenme-ve-hareketli-hayat-db/Dokumanlar/Rehberler/Turkiye_Beslenme_Rehber_TUBER_2022_min.pdf Wielogórska, E., Elliott, C. T., Danaher, M., Chevallier, O., ve Connolly, L. (2015). Validation of an ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for detection and quantitation of 19 endocrine disruptors in milk. Food Control, 48, 48-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.06.001 Wolford, S. T., ve Argoudelis, C. J. (1979). Measurement of estrogens in cow’s milk, human milk, and dairy products. Journal of Dairy Science, 62(9), 1458-1463. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-