<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1303-2399</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">1309-4181</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Kastamonu Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17475/kastorman.1557428</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Forestry Sciences (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Ormancılık (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Contributions of Urban Woodlands to Bird Diversity and Abundance in The Anatolian Side of Istanbul</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>İstanbul Anadolu Yakası’nda Kent Korularının Kuş Çeşitliliği ve Bolluğuna Katkıları</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Sözgen</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ömer Taha</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>BALIKESIR UNIVERSITY, DURSUNBEY VOCATIONAL SCHOOL, DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Arslangündoğdu</surname>
                                    <given-names>Zeynel</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY-CERRAHPASA, FACULTY OF FOREST, DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY ENGINEERING, DEPARTMENT OF FOREST ENTOMOLOGY AND CONSERVATION</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Oğurlu</surname>
                                    <given-names>İdris</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ISTANBUL COMMERCE UNIVERSITY, ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL SCIENCES APPLICATION AND RESEARCH CENTER</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20241003">
                    <day>10</day>
                    <month>03</month>
                    <year>2024</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>24</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>182</fpage>
                                        <lpage>196</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20231201">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>01</month>
                        <year>2023</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20240514">
                        <day>05</day>
                        <month>14</month>
                        <year>2024</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2001, Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2001</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Aim of study: The study aimed to assess the impact of urban woodlands on bird species diversity and abundance in the Anatolian side of Istanbul, focusing on species typically absent from urban centers but found within urban environments. The findings are intended to contribute to the development of future conservation and habitat management strategies.Area of study: The study was conducted in five areas in Üsküdar and Beykoz, including an urban center, three urban woodlands (Fethipaşa, Hidiv, and Beykoz Abrahampaşa) and a natural area in Istanbul&#039;s northern region.Material and methods: Data on bird species and their abundances were collected and tabulated through 900 point counts from April 2022 to March 2023. The data was analyzed using abundance values, species richness and diversity, identifying distribution and evenness through rank abundance distribution and curves. Similarity analysis was performed using the clustering method and species composition was compared using a Venn diagram.Main results: Seventy-two bird species were identified across the study areas. A decrease in urbanization density enhances bird species richness, diversity and evenness, with the natural area recording the highest values. Urban woodlands harbor species absent from more urbanized locations. Distinctions in species distribution and bird diversity between the areas were revealed.Research highlights: Urban woodlands are crucial areas for wildlife in metropolises, providing significance from both ecological and sociocultural perspectives. Although they may not match natural areas in species diversity, these woodlands significantly contribute to bird diversity within the urban environments. Further research is needed to explore the unique characteristics of each woodland and their contributions to urban ecosystems.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Çalışmanın amacı: Bu çalışmayla İstanbul’un Anadolu Yakası’nda yer alan koru alanlarının katkıları sayesinde, genellikle kent merkezinde rastlanmadığı halde, kent içerisinde de görülebilen kuş türlerinin çeşitlilik ve bolluklarına etkisi ortaya koymaya çalışılmıştır. Bu sayede bölgedeki kuş çeşitliliğinin anlaşılmasına ve doğal yaşam alanlarına yönelik gelecekte yapılacak olan koruma ile yönetim stratejilerinin geliştirilmesine katkı sağlanması amaçlamaktadır.Çalışma alanı: Araştırma, İstanbul’un Anadolu yakasında, Üsküdar ve Beykoz ilçelerinde; bir kent merkezi, üç kent korusu (Fethipaşa, Hidiv, Beykoz Abrahampaşa) ve İstanbul&#039;un kuzey ormanlarındaki bir doğal alan olmak üzere beş farklı alanda gerçekleştirilmiştir.Materyal ve yöntem: 2022 Nisan - 2023 Mart arasındaki 12 ay düzenli olarak yapılan toplam 900 nokta sayımı ile kuş türleri ve bollukları elde edilmiştir. Alanlardaki kuş türü zenginlik ve çeşitlilikleri belirlenmiş, bolluk derecesi dağılımı ve eğrileri ile türlerin alanlardaki dağılımı ve düzenlilikleri tespit edilmiş, benzerlik analizi kümeleme metoduyla gösterilmiş ve Venn şemasıyla alanlardaki kuş türleri karşılaştırılmıştır.Temel sonuçlar: Alanları kullanan 72 kuş türü, alanlardaki bolluk değerleri ve statüleriyle birlikte tablo halinde verilmiştir. Kentleşme yoğunluğunun azalmasının, kuş türü zenginliğini, çeşitliliğini ve düzenliliğini artırdığı belirlenmiş, doğal alanın en yüksek değerlere sahip olduğu kaydedilmiştir. Kent korularının kentleşmiş alanlar içerisinde görülemeyen türleri barındırdığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Türlerin hangi alanlarda ortak olarak bulunduğu ve alanların kuş türü çeşitliği bakımından birbirlerine göre farkları ortaya koyulmuştur.Araştırma vurguları: Korular, metropollerde yaban hayatı için yüksek öneme sahip, hem ekolojik hem de sosyokültürel açıdan mühim alanlardır. Doğal alanlar kadar çeşitlilik sunmasalar bile kent içerisindeki kuş çeşitliliği ve zenginliğine büyük bir katkı sağlarlar. Her korunun kendi karakteristikleri olduğu, kuş türleri ve çeşitlilik değerlerindeki farklardan anlaşılmaktadır; alanlarda daha fazla araştırma yaparak bu durumun daha belirgin hale getirilebileceği, kent ekosistemine olan katkılarının daha iyi anlaşılacağı görülmüştür.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Urban Wildlife</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Metropolitan Bird Diversity</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Urban Ecology</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Bird Ecology</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Rank Abundance Curves</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>Kent Yaban Hayatı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Metropol Kuş Çeşitliliği</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Kent Ekolojisi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Kuş Ekolojisi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Bolluk Derecesi Eğrileri</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akdemir, D. (2023). Kaz Dağları’nda Ağaçkakan (Picidae) Türlerinin Habitat Tercihlerinin Belirlenmesi, Doktora Tezi, Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Orman Mühendisliği Anabilim dalı, Isparta.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Arslangündoğdu, Z. (2010). Bird Species and Their Abundance in Istanbul-Belgrad Forest. Istanbul University Journal of the Faculty of Forestry, 60 (1), 14-28.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Avolio, M. L., Carroll, I. T., Collins, S. L., Houseman, G. R., Hallett, L. M., Isbell, F., Koerner, S. E., Komatsu, K. J., Smith, M. D. &amp; Wilcox, K. R. (2019). A comprehensive approach to analyzing community dynamics using rank abundance curves. Ecosphere, 10 (10): e02881. 10.1002/ecs2.2881</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Beskardes, V. (2020). Habitat selection of insectivorous birds in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. Applied Ecology And Environmental Research, 18 (6),7551-7562.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bibby, C.J., Burgess, N.D. &amp; Hill, D.A. (1992). Bird Census Techniques. Academic Press, London, UK.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Blair, R. B. (1996). Land Use and Avian Species Diversity Along an Urban Gradient. Ecological Applications, 6(2), 506-519.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bray, J. R. &amp; Curtis, J. T. (1957). An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecological Monographs. 27(4), 325-349.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Callaghan, C.T., Major, R.E., Wilshire, J.H., Martin, J.M., Kingsford, R.T. &amp; Cornwell, W.K. (2019). Generalists are the most urban-tolerant of birds: a phylogenetically controlled analysis of ecological and life history traits using a novel continuous measure of bird responses to urbanization. Oikos, 128, 845-858.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chen, H. (2022). _VennDiagram: Generate High-Resolution Venn and Euler Plots_. R package version 1.7.3,URL:https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=VennDiagram</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Clergeau, P., Savard, J.P.L., Mennechez, G. &amp; Falardeau, G. (1998). Bird Abundance and Diversity along an Urban-Rural Gradient: A Comparative Study between Two Cities on Different Continents. The Condor, 100(3), 413-425.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Croci, S., Butet, A., Georges, A., Aguejdad, R. &amp; Clergeau, P. (2008). Small urban woodlands as biodiversity conservation hot-spot: a multi-taxon approach. Landscape Ecology, 23, 1171-1186.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Da Silva, S. &amp; Matsushita, R. (2023). Power Laws Govern the Abundance Distribution of Birds by Rank. Birds, 4, 171-178.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Eyüpreisoğlu, M. (2007). İstanbul-Boğaziçi Korularının Güncel Alan Kullanımı Açısından İrdelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Mimarlık Fakültesi, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü, Peyzaj Planlama Programı, İstanbul.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fisher, J.C., Bicknell, J.E, Irvine, K.N, Hayes, W. M., Fernandes, D., Mistry, J. &amp; Davies, Z. G. (2021a). Bird diversity and psychological wellbeing: A comparison of green and coastal blue space in a neotropical city. Science of The Total Environment, 793, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148653</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fisher, J.C., Irvine, K.N, Bicknell, J.E., Hayes, W. M., Fernandes, D., Mistry, J. &amp; Davies, Z. G. (2021b). Perceived biodiversity, sound, naturalness and safety enhance the restorative quality and wellbeing benefits of green and blue space in a neotropical city. Science of The Total Environment, 755, Part 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143095</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Foster, S.D. &amp; Dunstan, P. K. (2010). The Analysis of Biodiversity Using Rank Abundance Distributions. Biometrics, 66(1), 186-195.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Furtun, Ö.L., Erciyas Yavuz, K. &amp; Karataş, A. (Ed.) (2023). Trakuş Türkiye’nin Kuşları, (4. Basım). İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gardner, E., Hesselberg, T., Grabowska-Zhang, A. &amp; Hughes, J. (2019). The Effect Of Woodland Area On Avian Community Composition In A Fragmented Southern UK, Landscape And Associated Management Recommendations. Bird Study, 66(3), 293-305.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gill, F., Donsker, D. &amp; Rasmussen, P. (Eds) (2023). IOC World Bird List (v13.2). doi: 10.14344/IOC.ML.13.2.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hastedt, A. &amp; Tietze, D.T. (2023). The importance of unsealed areas in the urban core and periphery for bird diversity in a large central european city. Urban Ecosystems, 26, 1015–1028.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hedblom, M. &amp; Söderström, B. (2010). Landscape effects on birds in urban woodlands: an analysis of 34 Swedish cities. Journal of Biogeography, 37, 1302–1316.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hedblom, M., Heyman, E., Antonsson, H. &amp; Gunnarsson, B. (2014). Bird song diversity influences young people’s appreciation of urban landscapes, Urban Forestry &amp; Urban Greening, 13, 469–474.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hedblom, M. &amp; Murgui, E. (2017). Urban Bird Research in a Global Perspective, In: Murgui, E. &amp; Hedblom, M., Ecology and Conservation of Birds in Urban Environments, Switzerland: Springer Nature.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Heyman, E. (2010). Clearance of understory in urban woodlands: assessing impact on bird abundance and diversity. Forest Ecology and Management, 260(1), 125-131.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Issa, M.A.A. (2019). Diversity and abundance of wild birds species’ in two different habitats at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 80, 34.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">IUCN, (2022). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İsfendiyaroğlu, S., Karataş, A., Arslangündoğdu, Z. &amp; Özkoç, Ö. (2022). İstanbul&#039;un Kuşları. İstanbul: İBB Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kassambara, A. &amp; Mundt, F. (2020). factoextra: Extract and Visualize the Results of Multivariate Data Analyses. R package version 1.0.7, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=factoextra</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Keten, A., Eroglu, E., Kaya, S. &amp; Anderson, J.T. (2020). Bird diversity along a riparian corridor in a moderate urban landscape. Ecological Indicators, 118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106751</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kindt, R. &amp; Coe, R. (2005). Tree diversity analysis. A manual and software for common statistical methods for ecological and biodiversity studies. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). ISBN 92-9059-179-X.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Küçük, Ö., Evcin, Ö. &amp; Aslan, F. (2017). Evaluating the frequency dominance resemblance analysis and diversity index of bird species in ilgaz mountain national park. Fresenius environmental bulletin, 26(8), 5295–5304.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lepczyk, C. A., Aronson, M.F.J., Evans, K.L, Goddard, M.A., Lerman, S.B. &amp; MacIvor, J.S. (2017). Biodiversity in the City: Fundamental Questions for Understanding the Ecology of Urban Green Spaces for Biodiversity Conservation. BioScience, 67, 9, 799–807.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Liu, J., Bai, H., Ma, H. &amp; Feng, G. (2019). Bird diversity in Chinese urban parks was more associated with natural factors than anthropogenic factors. Urban Forestry &amp; Urban Greening, 43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.06.001</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Luck, G.W., Davidson, P., Boxall, D. &amp; Smallbone, L. (2011). Relations between urban bird and plant communities and human well-being and connection to natüre. Conserv Biol., 25(4), 816-26.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Magurran, A. E. (2004). Measuring biological diversity. Malden: Blackwell Science Ltd.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Margalef, R. (1968). Perspectives in Ecological Theory: IL, 111. Chicago: University of Chicago press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Marzluff, J. M., Bowman, R. &amp; Donnelly, R. (2001). A historical perspective on urban bird research: trends, terms, and approaches. In Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world Boston: Springer.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MacArthur, R. H. (1957). On the relative abundance of bird species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 43, 293-295.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">McKinney, M. L. (2002). Urbanization, Biodiversity, and Conservation: The impacts of urbanization on native species are poorly studied, but educating a highly urbanized human population about these impacts can greatly improve species conservation in all ecosystems. BioScience, 52(10), 883-890.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Microsoft Corporation, (2016). Office Professional Plus 2016. Microsoft Excel. Retrieved from https://office.microsoft.com/excel</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mohd-Taib, F.S., Mohd-Saleh, W. &amp; Ismail, S.N.R. (2022). Effects of landscape attribute towards bird assemblages in urban areas of Peninsular Malaysia. Urban Ecosystem, 25, 241-251.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Murtagh, F. &amp; Legendre, P. (2014). Ward’s Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering Method: Which Algorithms Implement Ward’s Criterion?. Journal of Classification, 31, 274-295.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">OGM, (2011). Beykoz Functional Forest Management Plan (2012-2031), T.R. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forestry Administration and Planning, Ankara, 460 p.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Oğurlu, İ. (2003). Yaban Hayatında Envanter, Ankara: Av ve Yaban Hayatı Dairesi Başkanlığı Matbaası.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Oğurlu, İ. &amp; Suri, L. (2021). Kentsel Planlamanın Yaban Hayatı ile İlişkilendirilmesi ve Değerlendirilmesi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (31), 906-915.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Oksanen, J., Simpson, G., Blanchet, F., Kindt, R., Legendre, P. &amp; et al. (2022). _vegan: Community Ecology Package_. R package version 2.6-4. URL: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/index.html</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özkan, K., Küçüksille, E. U., Mert, A., Gülsoy, S., Süel, H., et al. (2020). Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Bileşenleri (BİÇEB) hesaplama yazılımı. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 21, 344-348.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Öztürk, S., &amp; Özdemir, Z. (2013). Kentsel Açık ve Yeşil Alanların Yaşam Kalitesine Etkisi “Kastamonu Örneği”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 13(1), 109-116.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">R Core Team, (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/ .</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Shannon, C. E. &amp; Wiener, W. (1949). The mathematical theory. Urbana: University of Illinois press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sözgen, O. T., Aksu, G. A., Oğurlu, İ. &amp; Ayaşlıgil, T. E. (2020). Using Indicator Fauna Elements in Biotope Maps for Urban Landscape Planning. LIFE: International Journal of Health and Life-Sciences, 5(3), 78-94.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Süel, H., Akdemir, D., Ertugrul, E. T. &amp; Ozdemir, S. (2021). Determining Environmental Factors Affecting Bird Diversity. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 21(3), 244-251.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Şekercioğlu, Ç. (2002). Impacts of birdwatching on human and avian communities. Environmental Conservation, 29. 282-289.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Thompson, R., Tamayo, M. &amp; Sigurðsson, S. (2022). Urban bird diversity: does abundance and richness vary unexpectedly with green space attributes?. Journal of Urban Ecology, 8(1), https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juac017</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tilghman, N. G. (1987). Characteristics of urban woodlands affecting breeding bird diversity and abundance. Landscape and Urban planning, 14, 481-495.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ugış, A., Akkuzu, E. &amp; Evcin, Ö. (2016). Kastamonu Yöresi Beyler ve Karaçomak Baraji Gölü Sucul Kuşları. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 16 (2), 447-462.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Whittaker, R.H. (1965). Dominance and diversity in land plant communities: Numerical relations of species express the importance of competition in community function and evolution. Science, 147, 250-260.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
