Effect of Various Fire Retardant Chemicals in Different Concentrations on Formaldehyde Emission of Plywood
Öz
Abstract
Aim of study: Although treated panels make up a large portion of the plywood market, treatment with some wood preservatives has been known to cause some problems such as bonding failures besides the environmental pollution related to the disposal of chemicals after treatment. Formaldehyde release from wood based panels is also another problem regarding the indoor air quality. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate the formaldehyde emission contents of plywood panels treated with fire retardant chemicals.
Area of study: This study was conducted at the Pilot Facility of Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University in Trabzon, Turkey.
Material and Methods: Poplar, alder and Scots pine veneers were used to produce plywood. Zinc borate, monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate were used as fire retardant chemicals. The veneer sheets were treated with immersion method and chosen three different concentrations as 5%, 7% and 10% aqueous solutions. Urea formaldehyde (UF) glue resin was used as adhesive. Formaldehyde emission contents of plywood panels were determined according to flask method described in DIN EN 717-3 standard.
Main results: It was found that formaldehyde release from panels produced with the veneers treated with zinc borate were higher than those of control panels and the emission values increased when the concentration increased. The lower formaldehyde emission values were obtained for monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate treated panels and the emission values decreased when the concentration increased.
Research highlights: In some usage areas where high strength properties are not expected, plywood panels manufactured from veneers treated with the fire retardant chemicals (monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate) may be used for reducing formaldehyde release.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Formaldehyde emission,Plywood,Concentration,Fire retardant,Urea formaldehyde
Kaynakça
- Aydin, I., 2004. Effects of some manufacturing conditions on wettability and bonding of veneers obtained from various wood species. PhD thesis, KTU Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 219 p., Trabzon.
- Aydin I., Colakoglu, G., Colak, S., Demirkir, C. 2006. Effects of moisture content on formaldehyde emission and mechanical properties of plywood. Building and Environment, 41, 1311-1316.
- Ayrilmis, N., Korkut, S., Tanritanir, E., Winandy, J.E., Hiziroglu, S. 2006. Effect of various fire retardants on surface roughness of plywood. Building and Environment 41 (7), 887–892.
- Basta, A.H, El-saied, H., Gobran, R.H., Sultan M.Z. 2006. Enhancing environmental performance of formaldehyde- based adhesives in lignocellulosic composites, part III: evaluation of some starch derivatives. Des. Monomers Polymers, 9, 325–347.
- Bohm, M., Salem, M.Z.M., Srba, J. 2012. Formaldehyde emission monitoring from a variety of solid wood, plywood, blockboard and flooring products manufactured for building and furnishing materials. J. Hazard. Mater., 221-222, 68-79.
- Colak, S., Colakoglu, G., Testereci, H., Aydin, I. 2002. Formaldehyde and volatile acetic acid emission of plywood treated with ammonium acetate. Paper presented at the sixth european panel products symposium, North Wales Conference Centre, Llandudno, North Wales, UK.
- Colak, S., Colakoglu, G. 2004. Volatile acetic acid and formaldehyde emission from plywood treated with boron compound. Building and Environment, 39, 533–536.
- DIN EN 717-3, 1996. Wood-based panel products - Determination of formaldehyde release by the flask method.
- Demir, A., Aydin, İ., Öztürk H. 2014. Effect of fire retardant chemicals on formaldehyde emission of plywood. 25th International Scientific Conference New Materials and Technologies in the Function of Wooden Products (17 October), 63-66, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Farag, S., 1995. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of starch–sulphonated phenol formaldehyde cationic exchangers. Starch-Starke, 47, 192–196.