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EXPORT PERFORMANCE AND INCOME LEVEL RELATIONSHIP IN 81 PROVINCES OF TURKEY: PANEL DATA ANALYSIS

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 48, 354 - 386, 15.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.800429

Öz

Rapid transformation and increasing competition in the global economic structure directly concern the economic growth structures of countries. In line with the increasing competition, the importance of competitiveness of companies, sectors and a country's economy as a whole increases. Especially in the economic plane that was created after World War II, foreign trade and macroeconomic magnitudes which were shaped accordingly have affected production processes all over the world. It can be observed that developing countries adopt an export-oriented economic structure in order to achieve sustainable economic growth. The ever-increasing transaction volume in world economy and impetus in global trade provide an advantage for countries that closely follow and adapt to these developments, whereas these factors work against other countries. In an economy not based on its own natural resources, achieving an advantageous position in foreign trade depends on factors such as the increase in production in the real sector-manufacturing industry, production costs, economic income level of importing countries and exchange rate developments. From the perspective of developing countries such as Turkey, growth in the country's economy is made due to increased exports. However, if production is not distributed throughout a country, and certain cities and regions make most part of the production, this causes an unhealthy distribution of income within this country. This is also the case in Turkey. The study is testing the relationship between the contribution of 81 provinces in Turkey and level of shares they receive from the national income. As a result of the analysis based on the data of total exports between 2004 and 2018, it is revealed that there is a meaningful relationship between the export of provinces and per capita national income data variables.

Kaynakça

  • Alhakimi, S.S. (2018). “Export and Economic Growth in Saudi Arabia: The Granger Causality Test,” Asian Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, Vol:5, No:1, pp:29-35, ISSN(E) 2409-2622 / ISSN(P)2518-010X DOI: 10.20448/journal.501.2018.51.29.35.
  • Altıner, A. ve V.Yavuz (2019). “BRICS-T Ülkelerinde İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Boostrap Panel Nedensellik Analizi,” Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, C:12, S:65, Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2019.3505.
  • Ataç, A. (2017). “Ekonomik Büyüme-İhracat İlişkisi: 2001-2016 Türkiye Örneği,” Social Sciences Research Journal, Vol:6, Issue: 4, December 2017, ISSN: 214785237.
  • Awokuse, T.O. (2008). “Trade Openess and Economic Growth: Is Growth Export-led or Import-led?” Applied Economics, No:40, pp:161-173, DOI: 10.1080/00036840600749490.
  • Bai, J. and Ng, S. (2004). A PANIC Attack on Unit Roots and Cointegration. Econometrica, 72(4), 1127-1177.
  • Belke, A. & F. Dobnik & C. Dreger (2011), “Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: New Insights into the Co-Integration Relationship”, Energy Economics, 33, 782-789.
  • Bilman, A. S. (2014). ‘’Ticari Açıklık Büyüme Etkileşimi: Panel Veri Analizi ve Ülkelerarası Karşılaştırma (Interaction between Trade Openness and Growth: Panel Data Analysis and Comparison between Countries),’’ Doctoral Thesis, Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Economics, İzmir.
  • Breusch, T. S., Pagan, A. R. (1980) ‘The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification tests in econometrics’, Review of Economic Studies, 47 (1): 239-253. Canning, D., Pedroni, P. (2008) ‘Infrastructure, long-run economic growth and causality tests for cointegrated panels’, The Manchester School, 76 (2): 504-527.
  • Choi, I. (2001) ‘Unit root tests for panel data’, Journal of International Money and Finance, 2001, vol. 20, issue 2, 249-272.
  • Çamurdan, B.(2013). “Türkiye’de 1999-2013 Dönemi İçin İthalat, İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi,” E-Journal of New World Sciences Academy, 3C0117, 8, (4), pp: 183-195, http://dx.doi.org/10.12739/NWSA.2013.8.4.3C0117.
  • Çelik, C. ve Kıral G. (2018). ‘’Panel Veri Analizi Ve Kümeleme Yöntemi İle Türkiye’de Konut Talebinin İncelenmesi,’’ Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 32 2018 Sayı: 4, ss: 1009-1026.
  • De Hoyos, R.E., Sarafidis, Y. (2006) ‘Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel-data models’, Stata Journal, 6: 482–496.
  • Dimitrescu, E. I., Hurlin, C. (2012) ‘Testing for granger non - causality in heterogeneous panels’, Economic Modelling, 29(4): 1450–1460.
  • Engeloğlu, Ö, Meral, İ. G. ve Genc K. (2015). Türkiye İçin Yapılan Nedensellik Uygulamaları Üzerine Literatür Araştırması. Social Sciences Research Journal, Volume 4, Issue 2, 142-154 (June 2015), ISSN: 2147-5237.
  • Engle, R.F., Granger, C.W J. (1987) ‘Cointegration and error-correction: representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica. 251–276.
  • Erlat, H. (2015). Panel Data: A Selective Survey, Department of Economics, Third Revision, June-July 2015, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara.
  • Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods. Econometrica, 37 (3), 424-438.
  • Gujarati, D. (2004) ‘Basic Econometrics’, Fourth Edition, The Mc. Grow Hill Co. 2004.
  • Herrerias, M.J. ve Vicente Orts (2010). “Is the Export-led Growth Hypothesis Enough to Account for China’s Growth,” China and World Economy, Vol:18, No:4, pp:34-51, doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-124X.2010.01203.x.
  • Holtz-Eakin, D., Newey, W., Rosen, H.S. (1988) ‘Estimating vector auto regressions panel data’, Econometrica, 56 (6): 1371-1395.
  • Hüseyni, İ. ve E.Çakmak (2016). “Türkiye’de İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi,” Atatürk Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, C:30, S:4, pp:831-844.
  • İlgün, M. F. (2016) ‘Mali Sürdürülebilirlik: Oecd Ülkelerine Yönelik Panel Veri Analizi’, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler DergisiArşivCilt 30, Sayı 1.
  • Kristjanpoller, R.W. ve J.E.Olson (2014) Economic Growth in Latin American Countries: Is It Based on Export-Led or Import-Led Growth?,”Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 50(sup1), 6–20.doi:10.2753/ree1540-496x5001s101.
  • Matyas, L. and Sevestre, P. (1996). ‘The Econometrics of Panel Data’, Kluwer Academic Publishhers, ISBN 978-94-009-0137-7.
  • Narayan, P.K., Smyth, R. (2009) ‘Multivariate Granger causality between electricity consumption, exports and gdp: evidence from a panel of Middle Eastern countries’, Energy Policy, 37(1): 229–236.
  • Nguyen, Nhung Thi Kim (2017), “The Long Run and Short Run Impacts of Foreign Direct Investment and Export on Economic Growth of Vietnam,” Asian Economic and Financial Review, Vol. 7, No. 5, 519-527, DOI: 10.18488/journal.aefr.2017.75.519.527.
  • Özcan, C.C., İ.Özmen ve G. Özcan ((2018). “Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomileri,” Selçuk Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, S:40, pp:60-73.
  • Özpolat, A. (2019). “Gelecek-11 Ülkelerinde İhracat ve Büyüme İlişkisi: Bootstrap Granger Nedensellik Analizi,” Journal of Yasar University, 14/56, pp:522-535.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004) ‘General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels’ June 2004. CWPE 0435. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.5113.
  • Peseran, M. H. (2006) ‘Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error’, Econometrica. 74(4): 967-1012.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Yamagata, T. (2008) ‘Testing slope homogeneity in large panels’, Journal of Econometrics, 142 (2008): 50–93.
  • Raj, S.K, ve P.P.Chand (2017). “Analysis of Fiji’s Export and Its Impact on Economic Growth,” International Journal of Business and Social Research, Vol:7, Issue:3, pp:1-14, ISSN 2164-2540 (Print), ISSN 2164-2559 (Online).
  • Reppas, P. ve D.K. Christopoulos (2005), “The Export Output Growth Nexus: Evidence from African and Asian Countries,” Journal of Policy Modeling, 27 (2005), pp:929-940, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2005.06.007.
  • Ridzuan, A.R., A.H.Mohd Noor ve E.M.Ahmed (2016), “ASEAN4 Prospective of Export-led Economic Growth,” E3 Journal of Business Management and Economics, Vol. 7(1). Pp:001-012 January, 2016, http://www.e3journals.org ISSN 2141-7482.
  • Satrovic, Elma (2018). “Economic Output and High-Technology Export: Panel Causality Analysis,” International Journal of Economic Studies, September 2018, Vol:4, Issue:3,pp:55-63, e-ISSN: 2149-8377 p-ISSN: 2528-9942.
  • Schmidt, P. and Phillips, P.C.B. (1992) ‘LM tests for a unit root in the presence of deterministic trends’, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 54, 257-287.
  • Sevüktekin, M. (1989), “Ekonometrik Araştırmalarda Verilerin Kullanılması”, Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Dergisi, 10(1-2), S. 117-127.
  • Shibamoto, M. and Tsutsui, Y (2014). Note on the Interpretation of Convergence Speed in the Dynamic Panel Model. Applied Economics Letters 21(8):533-535
  • Taştan, H. (2010). “Türkiye’de İhracat, İthalat ve Ekonomik Büyüme arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkilerinin Spektral Analizi,” Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, C:2, S:1, pp:87-98, 2010 ISSN: 1309-8020.
  • Turan, Z. (2018). Türkiye’de Tarımsal Mal Ticaretinin Ve Hayvancılığın Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi (1990-2014). International Journal Of Disciplines Economics and Administrative Sciences Studies. ISSN: 2587-2168. Cilt:4, Sayı:8, ss.200-209.
  • Tüzüntürk, S. (2007) ‘Panel Veri Modellerinin Tahmininde Parametre Heterojenliğinin Önemi: Geleneksel Phıllıps Eğrisi Üzerine Bir Uygulama’, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler DergisiArşivCilt 21, Sayı 2.
  • Valeriani, D., D.Y.Dalimunthe, A.Wulandari ve M.F.Ashar (2019), Vector Auto Regression Analysis between Export, Economic Growth and Job Opportunity in Bangka Belitung Islands Province,” Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews e-ISSN:2395-6518, Vol:7, No:4, pp:677-684 https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7487.
  • Westerlund, J. (2007). ‘Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data’. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69, 6 (2007) 0305-9049.
  • Westerlund, J. and D. L. Edgerton (2008). A simple test for cointegration in dependent panels with structural breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 70(5), 665–704.
  • Wooldridge, J.M. (2002). Introductory Econometrics A Modern Approach, 2nd. edition, 2002, Thomson Learning.
  • Yapraklı, S. (20027). “İhracat ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik: Türkiye Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Analiz,” ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 34 (Haziran), pp:97-112.
  • Yardımcıoğlu, F. ve A.Gülmez (2013). “Türk Cumhuriyetlerinde İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Eşbütünleşme ve Panel Nedensellik Analizi,” Bilgi, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Dergisi, C:8, S:1, pp:145-161.

ЭКСПОРТНЫЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ И ОТНОШЕНИЯ ДОХОДОВ: ПАНЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ДАННЫХ 81-ОЙ ПРОВИНЦИИ ТУРЦИИ

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 48, 354 - 386, 15.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.800429

Öz

Трансформация и усиление конкуренции в глобальной экономической структуре напрямую затрагивают структуры экономического роста стран. Наряду с обострением конкуренции возрастает значение конкурентоспособности компаний, секторов и экономики страны в целом. В частности, в экономической плоскости, которая возникла после второй мировой войны, внешняя торговля и макроэкономические масштабы, сформированные соответствующим образом, повлияли на производственный процесс во всем мире. Видно, что развивающиеся страны принимают ориентированную на экспорт структуру экономики для достижения устойчивого экономического роста. В то время как постоянно увеличивающийся объем транзакций в мировой экономике и ускорение мировой торговли предоставляют преимущество странам внимательно следящим за этими изменениями и адаптирующиймся к ним, в это время эти изменения работают против других стран. В экономике, не основанной на природных ресурсах, достижение выгодного положения во внешней торговле зависит от таких факторов, как рост производства в реальном секторе обрабатывающей промышленности, издержки производства, уровень экономического дохода стран-импортеров и изменения обменного курса. С точки зрения развивающихся стран, таких как Турция, наблюдается экономический рост экономики за счет увеличения экспорта. Однако тот факт, что производственный сектор не распределен по всей стране, а всё это сосредоточено лишь в определенных городах и регионах, не обеспечивает здоровое распределение доходов внутри страны. То же самое положение и в Турции. В нижеследующей статье, на основе данных 81 провинции Турции, исдедуется связь между долей национального дохода. В результате анализа, выполненного на основе данных об общем экспорте с 2004 по 2018 год, учитывая экспорт провинций и доход на душу населения, установлено наличие значимой связи между переменными.

Kaynakça

  • Alhakimi, S.S. (2018). “Export and Economic Growth in Saudi Arabia: The Granger Causality Test,” Asian Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, Vol:5, No:1, pp:29-35, ISSN(E) 2409-2622 / ISSN(P)2518-010X DOI: 10.20448/journal.501.2018.51.29.35.
  • Altıner, A. ve V.Yavuz (2019). “BRICS-T Ülkelerinde İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Boostrap Panel Nedensellik Analizi,” Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, C:12, S:65, Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2019.3505.
  • Ataç, A. (2017). “Ekonomik Büyüme-İhracat İlişkisi: 2001-2016 Türkiye Örneği,” Social Sciences Research Journal, Vol:6, Issue: 4, December 2017, ISSN: 214785237.
  • Awokuse, T.O. (2008). “Trade Openess and Economic Growth: Is Growth Export-led or Import-led?” Applied Economics, No:40, pp:161-173, DOI: 10.1080/00036840600749490.
  • Bai, J. and Ng, S. (2004). A PANIC Attack on Unit Roots and Cointegration. Econometrica, 72(4), 1127-1177.
  • Belke, A. & F. Dobnik & C. Dreger (2011), “Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: New Insights into the Co-Integration Relationship”, Energy Economics, 33, 782-789.
  • Bilman, A. S. (2014). ‘’Ticari Açıklık Büyüme Etkileşimi: Panel Veri Analizi ve Ülkelerarası Karşılaştırma (Interaction between Trade Openness and Growth: Panel Data Analysis and Comparison between Countries),’’ Doctoral Thesis, Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Economics, İzmir.
  • Breusch, T. S., Pagan, A. R. (1980) ‘The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification tests in econometrics’, Review of Economic Studies, 47 (1): 239-253. Canning, D., Pedroni, P. (2008) ‘Infrastructure, long-run economic growth and causality tests for cointegrated panels’, The Manchester School, 76 (2): 504-527.
  • Choi, I. (2001) ‘Unit root tests for panel data’, Journal of International Money and Finance, 2001, vol. 20, issue 2, 249-272.
  • Çamurdan, B.(2013). “Türkiye’de 1999-2013 Dönemi İçin İthalat, İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi,” E-Journal of New World Sciences Academy, 3C0117, 8, (4), pp: 183-195, http://dx.doi.org/10.12739/NWSA.2013.8.4.3C0117.
  • Çelik, C. ve Kıral G. (2018). ‘’Panel Veri Analizi Ve Kümeleme Yöntemi İle Türkiye’de Konut Talebinin İncelenmesi,’’ Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 32 2018 Sayı: 4, ss: 1009-1026.
  • De Hoyos, R.E., Sarafidis, Y. (2006) ‘Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel-data models’, Stata Journal, 6: 482–496.
  • Dimitrescu, E. I., Hurlin, C. (2012) ‘Testing for granger non - causality in heterogeneous panels’, Economic Modelling, 29(4): 1450–1460.
  • Engeloğlu, Ö, Meral, İ. G. ve Genc K. (2015). Türkiye İçin Yapılan Nedensellik Uygulamaları Üzerine Literatür Araştırması. Social Sciences Research Journal, Volume 4, Issue 2, 142-154 (June 2015), ISSN: 2147-5237.
  • Engle, R.F., Granger, C.W J. (1987) ‘Cointegration and error-correction: representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica. 251–276.
  • Erlat, H. (2015). Panel Data: A Selective Survey, Department of Economics, Third Revision, June-July 2015, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara.
  • Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods. Econometrica, 37 (3), 424-438.
  • Gujarati, D. (2004) ‘Basic Econometrics’, Fourth Edition, The Mc. Grow Hill Co. 2004.
  • Herrerias, M.J. ve Vicente Orts (2010). “Is the Export-led Growth Hypothesis Enough to Account for China’s Growth,” China and World Economy, Vol:18, No:4, pp:34-51, doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-124X.2010.01203.x.
  • Holtz-Eakin, D., Newey, W., Rosen, H.S. (1988) ‘Estimating vector auto regressions panel data’, Econometrica, 56 (6): 1371-1395.
  • Hüseyni, İ. ve E.Çakmak (2016). “Türkiye’de İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi,” Atatürk Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, C:30, S:4, pp:831-844.
  • İlgün, M. F. (2016) ‘Mali Sürdürülebilirlik: Oecd Ülkelerine Yönelik Panel Veri Analizi’, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler DergisiArşivCilt 30, Sayı 1.
  • Kristjanpoller, R.W. ve J.E.Olson (2014) Economic Growth in Latin American Countries: Is It Based on Export-Led or Import-Led Growth?,”Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 50(sup1), 6–20.doi:10.2753/ree1540-496x5001s101.
  • Matyas, L. and Sevestre, P. (1996). ‘The Econometrics of Panel Data’, Kluwer Academic Publishhers, ISBN 978-94-009-0137-7.
  • Narayan, P.K., Smyth, R. (2009) ‘Multivariate Granger causality between electricity consumption, exports and gdp: evidence from a panel of Middle Eastern countries’, Energy Policy, 37(1): 229–236.
  • Nguyen, Nhung Thi Kim (2017), “The Long Run and Short Run Impacts of Foreign Direct Investment and Export on Economic Growth of Vietnam,” Asian Economic and Financial Review, Vol. 7, No. 5, 519-527, DOI: 10.18488/journal.aefr.2017.75.519.527.
  • Özcan, C.C., İ.Özmen ve G. Özcan ((2018). “Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomileri,” Selçuk Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, S:40, pp:60-73.
  • Özpolat, A. (2019). “Gelecek-11 Ülkelerinde İhracat ve Büyüme İlişkisi: Bootstrap Granger Nedensellik Analizi,” Journal of Yasar University, 14/56, pp:522-535.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004) ‘General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels’ June 2004. CWPE 0435. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.5113.
  • Peseran, M. H. (2006) ‘Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error’, Econometrica. 74(4): 967-1012.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Yamagata, T. (2008) ‘Testing slope homogeneity in large panels’, Journal of Econometrics, 142 (2008): 50–93.
  • Raj, S.K, ve P.P.Chand (2017). “Analysis of Fiji’s Export and Its Impact on Economic Growth,” International Journal of Business and Social Research, Vol:7, Issue:3, pp:1-14, ISSN 2164-2540 (Print), ISSN 2164-2559 (Online).
  • Reppas, P. ve D.K. Christopoulos (2005), “The Export Output Growth Nexus: Evidence from African and Asian Countries,” Journal of Policy Modeling, 27 (2005), pp:929-940, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2005.06.007.
  • Ridzuan, A.R., A.H.Mohd Noor ve E.M.Ahmed (2016), “ASEAN4 Prospective of Export-led Economic Growth,” E3 Journal of Business Management and Economics, Vol. 7(1). Pp:001-012 January, 2016, http://www.e3journals.org ISSN 2141-7482.
  • Satrovic, Elma (2018). “Economic Output and High-Technology Export: Panel Causality Analysis,” International Journal of Economic Studies, September 2018, Vol:4, Issue:3,pp:55-63, e-ISSN: 2149-8377 p-ISSN: 2528-9942.
  • Schmidt, P. and Phillips, P.C.B. (1992) ‘LM tests for a unit root in the presence of deterministic trends’, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 54, 257-287.
  • Sevüktekin, M. (1989), “Ekonometrik Araştırmalarda Verilerin Kullanılması”, Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Dergisi, 10(1-2), S. 117-127.
  • Shibamoto, M. and Tsutsui, Y (2014). Note on the Interpretation of Convergence Speed in the Dynamic Panel Model. Applied Economics Letters 21(8):533-535
  • Taştan, H. (2010). “Türkiye’de İhracat, İthalat ve Ekonomik Büyüme arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkilerinin Spektral Analizi,” Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, C:2, S:1, pp:87-98, 2010 ISSN: 1309-8020.
  • Turan, Z. (2018). Türkiye’de Tarımsal Mal Ticaretinin Ve Hayvancılığın Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi (1990-2014). International Journal Of Disciplines Economics and Administrative Sciences Studies. ISSN: 2587-2168. Cilt:4, Sayı:8, ss.200-209.
  • Tüzüntürk, S. (2007) ‘Panel Veri Modellerinin Tahmininde Parametre Heterojenliğinin Önemi: Geleneksel Phıllıps Eğrisi Üzerine Bir Uygulama’, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler DergisiArşivCilt 21, Sayı 2.
  • Valeriani, D., D.Y.Dalimunthe, A.Wulandari ve M.F.Ashar (2019), Vector Auto Regression Analysis between Export, Economic Growth and Job Opportunity in Bangka Belitung Islands Province,” Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews e-ISSN:2395-6518, Vol:7, No:4, pp:677-684 https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7487.
  • Westerlund, J. (2007). ‘Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data’. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69, 6 (2007) 0305-9049.
  • Westerlund, J. and D. L. Edgerton (2008). A simple test for cointegration in dependent panels with structural breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 70(5), 665–704.
  • Wooldridge, J.M. (2002). Introductory Econometrics A Modern Approach, 2nd. edition, 2002, Thomson Learning.
  • Yapraklı, S. (20027). “İhracat ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik: Türkiye Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Analiz,” ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 34 (Haziran), pp:97-112.
  • Yardımcıoğlu, F. ve A.Gülmez (2013). “Türk Cumhuriyetlerinde İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Eşbütünleşme ve Panel Nedensellik Analizi,” Bilgi, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Dergisi, C:8, S:1, pp:145-161.

TÜRKİYE’DE 81 İL BAZINDA İHRACAT PERFORMANSI VE GELİR DÜZEYİ İLİŞKİSİ: PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 48, 354 - 386, 15.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.800429

Öz

Küresel iktisadi yapıda ortaya çıkan dönüşüm ve artan rekabet, ülkelerin ekonomik büyüme yapılarını direkt olarak ilgilendirmektedir. Artan rekabetle birlikte firmaların, sektörlerin ve bütünüyle ülke ekonomisinin rekabet edebilirliğinin önemi de artmaktadır. Özellikle İkinci Dünya Savası sonrası ortaya çıkan ekonomik düzlemde, dış ticaret ve buna bağlı olarak şekillenen makroekonomik büyüklükler tüm dünyada üretim sürecini etkilemiştir. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerin sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyümeyi sağlayabilmeleri için ihracat odaklı bir ekonomik yapıyı benimsedikleri görülmektedir. Dünya ekonomisinde sürekli artan işlem hacmi ve küresel ticaretteki hızlanma bu gelişmeleri yakından takip eden ve adapte olabilen ülkeler için avantaj sağlarken diğer ülkelerin aleyhine işlemektedir. Doğal kaynağa dayalı olmayan bir ekonomide dış ticarette avantajlı konum elde edebilmek ancak reel sektör-imalat sanayi sektöründeki üretim artışına, üretim maliyetlerine, ithalatçı ülkelerin ekonomik gelir düzeyine ve kurdaki gelişmeler gibi etkenlere bağlıdır. Türkiye gibi gelişmekte olan ülkeler açısından bakıldığında artan ihracata bağlı olarak ülke ekonomilerinde ekonomik büyüme görülmektedir. Ancak, üretimin ülke geneline dağılmaması, belirli kent ve bölgelerin üretimin ağırlığını üstlenmesi ülke içerisinde gelir düzeyinin sağlıklı bir dağılımının gerçekleşmemesine neden olmaktadır. Türkiye’de de bu durum geçerlidir. Çalışma, Türkiye için 81 ilin ihracata olan katkısı ile bu illerin milli gelirden aldıkları pay arasındaki bağlantıyı test etmektedir. 2004-2018 yılları arası toplam ihracat, illerin ihracat ve fert başı milli gelir verilerinden hareketle gerçekleştirilen analiz sonucunda değişkenler arasında anlamlı bir ilişkinin varlığı ortaya konulmaktadır.

Kaynakça

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Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Adem Karakaş 0000-0003-3891-1021

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Eylül 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 48

Kaynak Göster

APA Karakaş, A. (2020). TÜRKİYE’DE 81 İL BAZINDA İHRACAT PERFORMANSI VE GELİR DÜZEYİ İLİŞKİSİ: PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ. Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi, 1(48), 354-386. https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.800429