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Ebeveynler Perspektifinden Otizmde Tanı Öncesi Dil, Konuşma ve İletişim Gelişimindeki Farklılıklar

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1, 161 - 173, 28.02.2022
https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.803568

Öz

Otizmli bireylerde gözlenebilen otizme özgü davranışlar söz öncesi dönemde ya da tanı öncesinde bazı ön belirtiler ile kendini ortaya koymaktadır. Bakıcı ya da ebeveynlerin bu davranış öncüllerini tanı öncesi fark etmeleri durumunda ise erken tanılama ile erken müdahale süreci başlayabilmekte ve kişi için etkili ve zamanında eğitim alınabilinmektedir. Bu araştırmada otizmli çocuğa sahip ebeveynlerin tanı öncesi dönemde gözlemiş olabilecekleri normal olmayan dil ve iletişim davranışlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Katılımcı grubunu 3-10 yaş arası otizmli çocukların birincil bakım veren durumundaki 50 (47K, 3E) ebeveyn oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplamak 2 bölüm ve 37 adet sorudan bir anket hazırlanmıştır. Görüşmeler yüz yüze gerçekleştirilmiş ve veriler betimsel ve niteliksel analiz yöntemleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulguların analizi sonrasında katılımcıların otizm tanısı almış olan çocuklarında 18 aylık olana kadar geçen sürede gözlenen farklılıkların başında göz teması kurmama, ismi söylendiğinde tepki vermeme ve ebeveyne karşı ilgisizlik gibi davranışlar yer almaktadır. Bulgular incelendiğinde bireylerin yaşamış olduğu bu güçlüklerin yaşamın erken dönemlerinden itibaren kendini göstermekte olduğu saptanmıştır. Erken dönemdeki göstergelerin çeşitli gelişim basamaklarının bir yordayıcısı olması sebebiyle ailelerin gözlemleri otizm şüphesi açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu doğrultuda aileler çocuklarını daha yakından takip etmeli ve ailelerin gelişimsel alanlardaki farklılıkları görebilmeleri adına uzmanlar tarafından daha fazla bilinçlendirilmeleri gerekmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akçamuş, M. Ç., Acarlar, F., Alak, G., & Keçeli Kaysılı, B. (2019). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklar için erken sosyal iletişim ve etkileşim ölçeği (ESİE) geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 34(4), 1015-1036.
  • Alak, G. (2014). Otizmli çocuklarda sembolik oyunun dil gelişimi ile ilişkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 15(02), 45-61.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Anderson, D. K., Lord, C., Risi, S., DiLavore, P. S., Shulman, C., Thurm, A., & Pickles, A. (2007). Patterns of growth in verbal abilities among children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(4), 594.
  • Aslan, K., & Şahin, S. (2015). Ülkemizde otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklarda sosyal becerileri geliştirmeye yönelik yapılan güncel çalışmalar. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(3), 1-18.
  • Aydın, Ç., Aydin, C., Göksun, T., Goksun, T., Kuntay, A. C., Tahiroğlu, D., & Tahiroglu, D. (2016). Aklın çocuk hali: zihin gelişimi araştırmaları. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Barbaro, J., & Dissanayake, C. (2012). Developmental profiles of infants and toddlers with autism spectrum disorders identified prospectively in a community-based setting. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(9), 1939-1948.
  • Bekar, P., & Arıkan, D. (2020). Çocukların diş çıkarma ağrısında yapılan uygulamalar ve hemşirenin rolü. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 44-47.
  • Brooks, R., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2005). The development of gaze following and its relation to language. Developmental Science, 8(6), 535-543.
  • Chamak, B., Bonniau, B., Oudaya, L., & Ehrenberg, A. (2011). The autism diagnostic experiences of French parents. Autism, 15(1), 83-97.
  • Charlier Bererd, M. & Juhem A. (2007). Evolution De La Complexité Phonetico Phonologique Et Selection Lexicale Chez Des Enfants Français Entre 12 Et 27 Mois, Lyon.
  • Charman, T., Swettenham, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Cox, A., Baird, G., & Drew, A. (1997). Infants with autism: An investigation of empathy, pretend play, joint attention, and imitation. Developmental Psychology, 33(5), 781–789.
  • Chawarska, K., Klin, A., Paul, R., Macari, S., & Volkmar, F. (2009). A prospective study of toddlers with ASD: Short‐term diagnostic and cognitive outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(10), 1235-1245.
  • Clifford, S. M., & Dissanayake, C. (2008). The early development of joint attention in infants with autistic disorder using home video observations and parental interview. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(5), 791-805.
  • Clifford, S., Hudry, K., Elsabbagh, M., Charman, T., & Johnson, M. (2013). Temperament in the first 2 years of life in infants at highrisk for autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 43(3), 673–686.
  • Crais, E. R., Watson, L. R., & Baranek, G. T. (2009). Use of gesture development in profiling children’s prelinguistic communication skills. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18(1), 95.
  • Crais, E., & Ogletree, B. T. (2016). Prelinguistic communication development. In Prelinguistic and minimally verbal communicators on the autism spectrum (pp. 9-32). Springer, Singapore.
  • Crane, L., Chester, J. W., Goddard, L., Henry, L. A., & Hill, E. (2016). Experiences of autism diagnosis: A survey of over 1000 parents in the United Kingdom. Autism, 20(2), 153-162.
  • De Giacomo, A., & Fombonne, E. (1998). Parental recognition of developmental abnormalities in autism. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 7(3), 131–136.
  • Demirkan Baytar, B. (2014). Dil gelişimi sorunlarının ortaya çıkışında bakıcının rolü. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Ergin, H., & Yıldız, S. A. (2017). Gelişim psikolojisi. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Farroni, T., Massaccesi, S., Pividori, D., & Johnson, M. H. (2004). Gaze following in newborns. Infancy, 5(1), 39-60.
  • Feldman, M. A., Ward, R. A., Savona, D., Regehr, K., Parker, K., Hudson, M., & Holden, J. J. (2012). Development and initial validation of a parent report measure of the behavioral development of infants at risk for autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(1), 13-22.
  • Fouache R. Malcor-Gautherın M.(2013). Memoire Présenté Pour L’obtention Du Certificat De Capacite D’orthophoniste, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1 - ISTR – Orthophonie.
  • Genç-Tosun, D., & Kurt, O. (2017). Otizmli bireylerin kullandığı yeni nesil konuşma üreten cihazlara ilişkin araştırmaların incelenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 18(01), 125-147.
  • Gillberg, C., Ehlers, S., Schaumann, H., Jakobsson, G., Dahlgren, S. O., Lindblom, R., ... & Blidner, E. (1990). Autism under age 3 years: A clinical study of 28 cases referred for autistic symptoms in infancy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31(6), 921-934.
  • Guinchat, V., Chamak, B., Bonniau, B., Bodeau, N., Perisse, D., Cohen, D., & Danion, A. (2012). Very early signs of autism reported by parents include many concerns not specific to autism criteria. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(2), 589-601.
  • Kahriman İ, Topbaş M, Çan G (2011). Traditional Baby Care Practices Among Mothers With Children Aged 6-12 Months In The Turkish Province Of Trabzon. TAF Prev Med Bull, 10(1): 61-70.
  • Karacan, E. (2000). Bebeklerde ve çocuklarda dil gelişimi. Klinik Psikiyatri, 3(4), 263-268.
  • Landa R., Garrett-Mayer E. (2006). Development in infants with autism spectrum disorders: a prospective study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47. 629–638.
  • Lazenby, D. C., Sideridis, G. D., Huntington, N., Prante, M., Dale, P. S., Curtin, S., ... & Akshoomoff, N. (2016). Language differences at 12 months in infants who develop autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(3), 899-909.
  • Loh, A., Soman, T., Brian, J., Bryson, S. E., Roberts, W., Szatmari, P., ... & Zwaigenbaum, L. (2007). Stereotyped motor behaviors associated with autism in high-risk infants: A pilot videotape analysis of a sibling sample. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(1), 25-36.
  • Lord, C. (1995). Follow-up of two-year-olds referred for possible autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36(8), 1365–1382.
  • Luyster, R. J., Kadlec, M. B., Carter, A., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2008). Language assessment and development in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(8), 1426-1438.
  • Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1992). Early imitation within a functional framework: The importance of person identity, movement and development. Infant Behavior and Development, 15(4), 479.
  • Mitchell, S., Brian, J., Zwaigenbaum, L., Roberts, W., Szatmari, P., Smith, I., & Bryson, S. (2006). Early Language and Communication Development of Infants Later Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 27(Supplement 2), S69–S78.
  • Mundy, P., & Newell, L. (2007). Attention, joint attention, and social cognition. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(5), 269-274.
  • Ozonoff, S., Iosif, A. M., Baguio, F., Cook, I. C., Hill, M. M., Hutman, T., ... & Steinfeld, M. B. (2010). A prospective study of the emergence of early behavioral signs of autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(3), 256-266.
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  • Ozonoff, S., Young, G. S., Steinfeld, M. B., Hill, M. M., Cook, I., Hutman, T., & Sigman, M. (2009). How Early Do Parent Concerns Predict Later Autism Diagnosis?. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 30(5), 367–375.
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Speech, Language and Communication Differences before Autism Diagnosis: The Perspectives of

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1, 161 - 173, 28.02.2022
https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.803568

Öz

Purpose: Autism-specific behaviors begin with some preliminary symptoms and can be detected during the pre-verbal language
stage or after diagnosis. Early diagnosis and early intervention can begin if caregivers or parents identify these precursors of
behaviors during the pre-diagnostic period, and the person with autism can receive effective and timely training. The goal of
this study was to find out what non-typical language and communication behavior parents or caregivers of children with autism
might have noticed before they were diagnosed.
Design/Methodology/Approach: After applying exclusion criteria, fifty participants (47F, 3M) who are primary carers of 3-10-
year-old children with autism were accepted into the study Data was gathered using a two-part interview form with 37
questions. Face-to-face interviews were held.
Findings: Descriptive and situational analysis methods were used to analyze the data. Following the analysis of the findings,
behaviors such as not making eye contact, not responding when their name is called, and indifference toward their parents
were observed in the children of the participants who were diagnosed with autism till the age of 18 months.
Highlights: When the findings were evaluated, it was discovered that the individuals' issues began at an early age. In terms of
autism suspicion, family observations are crucial; early symptoms are predictors of various developmental stages. Accordingly,
families should follow their children more closely and they should be informed more by experts so that families can notice the
differences in developmental areas.

Kaynakça

  • Akçamuş, M. Ç., Acarlar, F., Alak, G., & Keçeli Kaysılı, B. (2019). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklar için erken sosyal iletişim ve etkileşim ölçeği (ESİE) geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 34(4), 1015-1036.
  • Alak, G. (2014). Otizmli çocuklarda sembolik oyunun dil gelişimi ile ilişkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 15(02), 45-61.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Anderson, D. K., Lord, C., Risi, S., DiLavore, P. S., Shulman, C., Thurm, A., & Pickles, A. (2007). Patterns of growth in verbal abilities among children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(4), 594.
  • Aslan, K., & Şahin, S. (2015). Ülkemizde otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklarda sosyal becerileri geliştirmeye yönelik yapılan güncel çalışmalar. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(3), 1-18.
  • Aydın, Ç., Aydin, C., Göksun, T., Goksun, T., Kuntay, A. C., Tahiroğlu, D., & Tahiroglu, D. (2016). Aklın çocuk hali: zihin gelişimi araştırmaları. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Barbaro, J., & Dissanayake, C. (2012). Developmental profiles of infants and toddlers with autism spectrum disorders identified prospectively in a community-based setting. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(9), 1939-1948.
  • Bekar, P., & Arıkan, D. (2020). Çocukların diş çıkarma ağrısında yapılan uygulamalar ve hemşirenin rolü. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 44-47.
  • Brooks, R., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2005). The development of gaze following and its relation to language. Developmental Science, 8(6), 535-543.
  • Chamak, B., Bonniau, B., Oudaya, L., & Ehrenberg, A. (2011). The autism diagnostic experiences of French parents. Autism, 15(1), 83-97.
  • Charlier Bererd, M. & Juhem A. (2007). Evolution De La Complexité Phonetico Phonologique Et Selection Lexicale Chez Des Enfants Français Entre 12 Et 27 Mois, Lyon.
  • Charman, T., Swettenham, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Cox, A., Baird, G., & Drew, A. (1997). Infants with autism: An investigation of empathy, pretend play, joint attention, and imitation. Developmental Psychology, 33(5), 781–789.
  • Chawarska, K., Klin, A., Paul, R., Macari, S., & Volkmar, F. (2009). A prospective study of toddlers with ASD: Short‐term diagnostic and cognitive outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(10), 1235-1245.
  • Clifford, S. M., & Dissanayake, C. (2008). The early development of joint attention in infants with autistic disorder using home video observations and parental interview. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(5), 791-805.
  • Clifford, S., Hudry, K., Elsabbagh, M., Charman, T., & Johnson, M. (2013). Temperament in the first 2 years of life in infants at highrisk for autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 43(3), 673–686.
  • Crais, E. R., Watson, L. R., & Baranek, G. T. (2009). Use of gesture development in profiling children’s prelinguistic communication skills. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18(1), 95.
  • Crais, E., & Ogletree, B. T. (2016). Prelinguistic communication development. In Prelinguistic and minimally verbal communicators on the autism spectrum (pp. 9-32). Springer, Singapore.
  • Crane, L., Chester, J. W., Goddard, L., Henry, L. A., & Hill, E. (2016). Experiences of autism diagnosis: A survey of over 1000 parents in the United Kingdom. Autism, 20(2), 153-162.
  • De Giacomo, A., & Fombonne, E. (1998). Parental recognition of developmental abnormalities in autism. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 7(3), 131–136.
  • Demirkan Baytar, B. (2014). Dil gelişimi sorunlarının ortaya çıkışında bakıcının rolü. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Ergin, H., & Yıldız, S. A. (2017). Gelişim psikolojisi. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Farroni, T., Massaccesi, S., Pividori, D., & Johnson, M. H. (2004). Gaze following in newborns. Infancy, 5(1), 39-60.
  • Feldman, M. A., Ward, R. A., Savona, D., Regehr, K., Parker, K., Hudson, M., & Holden, J. J. (2012). Development and initial validation of a parent report measure of the behavioral development of infants at risk for autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(1), 13-22.
  • Fouache R. Malcor-Gautherın M.(2013). Memoire Présenté Pour L’obtention Du Certificat De Capacite D’orthophoniste, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1 - ISTR – Orthophonie.
  • Genç-Tosun, D., & Kurt, O. (2017). Otizmli bireylerin kullandığı yeni nesil konuşma üreten cihazlara ilişkin araştırmaların incelenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 18(01), 125-147.
  • Gillberg, C., Ehlers, S., Schaumann, H., Jakobsson, G., Dahlgren, S. O., Lindblom, R., ... & Blidner, E. (1990). Autism under age 3 years: A clinical study of 28 cases referred for autistic symptoms in infancy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31(6), 921-934.
  • Guinchat, V., Chamak, B., Bonniau, B., Bodeau, N., Perisse, D., Cohen, D., & Danion, A. (2012). Very early signs of autism reported by parents include many concerns not specific to autism criteria. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(2), 589-601.
  • Kahriman İ, Topbaş M, Çan G (2011). Traditional Baby Care Practices Among Mothers With Children Aged 6-12 Months In The Turkish Province Of Trabzon. TAF Prev Med Bull, 10(1): 61-70.
  • Karacan, E. (2000). Bebeklerde ve çocuklarda dil gelişimi. Klinik Psikiyatri, 3(4), 263-268.
  • Landa R., Garrett-Mayer E. (2006). Development in infants with autism spectrum disorders: a prospective study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47. 629–638.
  • Lazenby, D. C., Sideridis, G. D., Huntington, N., Prante, M., Dale, P. S., Curtin, S., ... & Akshoomoff, N. (2016). Language differences at 12 months in infants who develop autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(3), 899-909.
  • Loh, A., Soman, T., Brian, J., Bryson, S. E., Roberts, W., Szatmari, P., ... & Zwaigenbaum, L. (2007). Stereotyped motor behaviors associated with autism in high-risk infants: A pilot videotape analysis of a sibling sample. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(1), 25-36.
  • Lord, C. (1995). Follow-up of two-year-olds referred for possible autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36(8), 1365–1382.
  • Luyster, R. J., Kadlec, M. B., Carter, A., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2008). Language assessment and development in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(8), 1426-1438.
  • Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1992). Early imitation within a functional framework: The importance of person identity, movement and development. Infant Behavior and Development, 15(4), 479.
  • Mitchell, S., Brian, J., Zwaigenbaum, L., Roberts, W., Szatmari, P., Smith, I., & Bryson, S. (2006). Early Language and Communication Development of Infants Later Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 27(Supplement 2), S69–S78.
  • Mundy, P., & Newell, L. (2007). Attention, joint attention, and social cognition. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(5), 269-274.
  • Ozonoff, S., Iosif, A. M., Baguio, F., Cook, I. C., Hill, M. M., Hutman, T., ... & Steinfeld, M. B. (2010). A prospective study of the emergence of early behavioral signs of autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(3), 256-266.
  • Ozonoff S., Macari S., Young G.S., Goldring S., Thompson M., Rogers S.J. (2008). Atypical object exploration at 12 months of age is associated with autism in a prospective sample. Autism, 12. 457–472.
  • Ozonoff, S., Young, G. S., Steinfeld, M. B., Hill, M. M., Cook, I., Hutman, T., & Sigman, M. (2009). How Early Do Parent Concerns Predict Later Autism Diagnosis?. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 30(5), 367–375.
  • Rogers, S. J., & DiLalla, D. L. (1990). Age of symptom onset in young children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(6), 863-872.
  • Roth, F. P., & Spekman, N. J. (1984). Assessing the pragmatic abilities of children: Part 1. Organizational framework and assessment parameters. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 49(1), 2-11.
  • Rozga, A., Hutman, T., Young, G. S., Rogers, S. J., Ozonoff, S., Dapretto, M., & Sigman, M. (2011). Behavioral profiles of affected and unaffected siblings of children with autism: Contribution of measures of mother–infant interaction and nonverbal communication. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(3), 287-301.
  • Sari, H. Y., & Bahceci, B. (2012). Nutritional status of children with an intellectual disability. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 11(1), 17-21.
  • Schreck, K. A., Williams, K., & Smith, A. F. (2004). A comparison of eating behaviors between children with and without autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(4), 433-438.
  • Selimoğlu, Ö. G., Özdemir, S., Töret, G., & Özkubat, U. (2013). Otizmli çocuğa sahip ebeveynlerin otizm tanılama sürecinde ve tanı sonrasında yaşadıkları deneyimlerine ilişkin görüşlerinin incelenmesi. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 5(2), 129-161.
  • Shumway, S., & Wetherby, A. M. (2009). Communicative acts of children with autism spectrum disorders in the second year of life. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 52(5), 1139-1156.
  • Sicherman, N., Charité, J., Eyal, G., Janecka, M., Loewenstein, G., Law, K.,& Buxbaum, J. D. (2019). Symptoms Leading to Earlier Diagnosis of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
  • Tarcan, A. (2019). Babıldama döneminde okuma taklidi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(69), 373-384.
  • Tekin, F. (2016). Serebral palsili çocuklarda nörogelişimsel tedavi (BOBATH tedavisi) yaklaşımı'nın postüral kontrol ve denge üzerine etkisi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Denizli.
  • Tomasello, M., & Todd, J. (1983). Joint attention and lexical acquisition style. First Language, 4(12), 197-211.
  • Töret, G , & Özdemir, S., Gürel Selimoğlu, Ö., Özkubat, U . (2014). Otizmli çocuğa sahip olan ebeveynlerin görüşleri: Otizm tanımlamaları ve otizmin nedenleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 15 (01), 1-17.
  • Töret, G., & Özmen, E. R. (2014). Erken çocukluk döneminde otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklarda taklit becerileri. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 15(03), 51-68.
  • Ventola, P., Kleinman, J., Pandey, J., Wilson, L., Esser, E., Boorstein, H., & Green, J. (2007). Differentiating between autism spectrum disorders and other developmental disabilities in children who failed a screening instrument for ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(3), 425-436.
  • Weismer, S. E., Lord, C., & Esler, A. (2010). Early language patterns of toddlers on the autism spectrum compared to toddlers with developmental delay. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(10), 1259-1273.
  • Wetherby, A. M., & Prutting, C. A. (1984). Profiles of communicative and cognitive-social abilities in autistic children. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 27(3), 364-377.
  • Wetherby, A. M., Watt, N., Morgan, L., & Shumway, S. (2007). Social communication profiles of children with autism spectrum disorders late in the second year of life. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(5), 960-975.
  • Wetherston, V., Gangat, S., Shange, N., Wheeler, K., Karrim, S. S., & Pahl, J. (2017). The views and knowledge of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder on a range of treatments. South African Journal of Child Health, 11(3), 117-121.
  • Young, R. L., Brewer, N., & Pattison, C. (2003). Parental identification of early behavioural abnormalities in children with autistic disorder. Autism, 7(2), 125-143.
  • Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Rogers, T., Roberts, W., Brian, J., & Szatmari, P. (2005). Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23(2-3), 143-152.
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Özlem Oğuz 0000-0001-7590-0028

Bengisu Çakır 0000-0003-3946-1210

Alperen Şentürk 0000-0002-7444-7281

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Şubat 2022
Kabul Tarihi 11 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Oğuz, Ö., Çakır, B., & Şentürk, A. (2022). Speech, Language and Communication Differences before Autism Diagnosis: The Perspectives of. Kastamonu Education Journal, 30(1), 161-173. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.803568