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<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2147-7833</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18493/kmusekad.1640339</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Financial Economy</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Finansal Ekonomi</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC AND EDUCATIONAL FACTORS ON PROTESTED BILLS: THE CASE OF TURKEY</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>EKONOMİK VE EĞİTİMSEL FAKTÖRLERİN PROTESTO EDİLEN SENETLER ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2097-1627</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Işik</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ufuk</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ORDU ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6310-0808</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Demirci</surname>
                                    <given-names>Onur</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ORDU ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260420">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>20</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>28</volume>
                                        <issue>51</issue>
                                        <fpage>281</fpage>
                                        <lpage>292</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250215">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>15</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260306">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>06</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This study analyses the effect of economic welfare and educational attainment on the amount of protested promissory notes in Turkey with province-based data for 2015-2022. In the study, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and the number of postgraduate graduates are used as independent variables, and the effect of these variables on the amount of protested promissory notes is analysed by the panel data analysis method. According to the results of the analysis, the increase in GDP per capita and the increase in the number of graduate graduates statistically significantly reduced the amount of protested bills. In addition to the panel data analysis, a multilayer Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) architecture is designed to predict the number of bills to be protested with an error rate of approximately 7.7%.  While increasing economic prosperity strengthens individuals&#039; payment capacity, increasing the number of individuals with postgraduate degrees supports more informed financial management and planning skills. It contributes to a reduction in payment problems. The study&#039;s findings suggest that economic growth and education level play an important role in reducing the number of protested bills.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Bu çalışmada, ekonomik refah ve eğitim düzeyindeki artışın Türkiye’de protesto edilen senet miktarına olan etkisi 2015-2022 yılları arasındaki il bazlı verilerle incelenmiştir. Çalışmada bağımsız değişkenler olarak kişi başına düşen gayrisafi yurt içi hasıla (GSYİH) ve yüksek lisans mezunlarının sayısı kullanılmış, panel veri analizi yöntemi ile bu değişkenlerin protesto edilen senet miktarı üzerindeki etkisi analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, hem kişi başına düşen GSYİH’nin artışı hem de yüksek lisans mezunlarının sayısındaki yükseliş, protesto edilen senet miktarını istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir şekilde azaltmaktadır. Panel veri analizine ek olarak çalışmada çok katmanlı Uzun Kısa Süreli Bellek (LSTM) mimarisi tasarlanarak yaklaşık %7,7 hata oranı ile protesto edilecek senet sayısı tahmini yapılmıştır.  Ekonomik refahın artması bireylerin ödeme kapasitelerini güçlendirirken, yüksek lisans mezunu bireylerin artışı, daha bilinçli finansal yönetim ve planlama becerilerini desteklemekte ve ödeme problemlerinin azalmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Araştırmanın bulguları, ekonomik büyüme ve eğitim düzeyinin protesto edilen senetlerin azaltılmasında önemli bir rol oynadığını göstermektedir.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>GSYİH</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Panel veri</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Senet</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Yüksek lisans</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ekonomi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  LSTM</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Yapay Zeka</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>GDP</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Panel data</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Bonds</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Master&#039;s degree</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Economics</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  LSTM</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Artificial Intelligence</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
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