Akımsız Ni-P-B ve Ni-P-B-W Polialaşım Kaplamaların Mikroyapı Gelişimi ve Tribolojik Özellikleri

Abstract

Dörtlü akımsız nikel-fosfor-boron-tungsten (Ni–P–B–W) kaplamalar günümüzde yenilikçi, ilgi çekici ve trend bir araştırma konusu olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, tungstenin (W) akımsız üçlü Ni–P–B polialaşım kaplamanın tribolojik özellikleri üzerindeki etkisini incelemek amacıyla, üçlü Ni–P–B kaplamaya sodyum tungstat (Na₂WO₄) eklenmiştir. Tüm kaplamaların yüzey morfolojisi, faz yapısı, sertlik ve tribolojik özellikleri, Ni–P–B ve Ni–P–B–W banyolarının pH, sıcaklık ve kaplama süresi gibi parametreleri sabit tutulmak suretiyle incelenmiş ve karşılaştırılmıştır. Tungsten eklenmesiyle Ni–P–B kaplamanın yüzey morfolojisi, küresel nodüler yapıdan belirgin şekilli yapıya dönüşmüştür. Tüm kaplama tipleri amorf ve mikro kristal fazların bir kombinasyonunu göstermiştir. Üçlü Ni–P–B kaplama, dörtlü Ni–P–B–W kaplamayı geride bırakarak en yüksek sertliği sergilemiştir. Ancak W ile polialaşımlama, üçlü Ni–P–B kaplamanın aşınma hızını 14×10⁻⁵ mm³/N·m’den yaklaşık 1,3×10⁻⁵ mm³/N·m’ye düşürmüş ve bu durum aşınma direncinde kayda değer bir artış olarak değerlendirilmektedir.

Keywords

• Akımsız Nikel Kaplama,
• Ni-P-B
• Ni-P-B-W
• Triboloji

Supporting Institution

Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü

Project Number

2020-02.BŞEÜ.03-01

Ethical Statement

Yazar, özgün araştırma yayınlama, veri raporlama, atıf ve yazarlık konularında etik kurallara uymayı beyan eder.

Thanks

Bu çalışma Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından 2020-02.BŞEÜ.03-01 hibe numarasıyla desteklenmiştir.

MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLESS NI-P-B AND NI-P-B-W POLYALLOY COATINGS

Abstract

Despite extensive research on Ni-P, Ni-B, and Ni-W systems, the combined Ni-P-B-W quaternary system has not been systematically examined under identical bath conditions, representing a significant gap in literature. In this study, sodium tungstate (Na2WO4) was added to a ternary Ni-P-B coating to investigate the effect of W on the tribological properties of an electroless ternary Ni-P-B polyalloy coating. All coatings' surface morphology, phase structure, hardness, and tribological properties were examined and compared while keeping the Ni-P-B and Ni-P-B-W bath parameters (pH, temperature, and deposition time) constant. The surface morphology of the Ni-P-B coating was transformed from spherical nodular to clear-shaped with the addition of W. All types of coatings resulted in a combination of amorphous and crystalline phases. The ternary Ni-P-B coating exhibited a higher hardness compared to the quaternary Ni-P-B-W coating, attaining a value of approximately 655±10 HV0.025. Dry reciprocating wear tests carried out against Al2O3 balls demonstrated that the quaternary Ni-P-B-W coating achieved up to a 31 % reduction in the friction coefficient and up to a 91 % reduction in specific wear rate compared to the ternary Ni-P-B coating.

Keywords

• Dimethylamine Borane (DMAB)
• Dry Sliding Wear
• Electroless Nickel Coating
• Ni-P-B
• Ni-P-B-W
• Tribology.

Supporting Institution

Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit

Project Number

2020-02.BŞEÜ.03-01

Ethical Statement

The author declares to comply with ethical guidelines, containing original research publication, data reporting, citation and authorship.

Thanks

This work has been supported by Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit under grant number: 2020-02.BŞEÜ.03-01.

References

1. S. S. Rouzmeh, R. Naderi, and M. Mahdavian, “A sulfuric acid surface treatment of mild steel for enhancing the protective properties of an organosilane coating,” Progress in Organic Coatings, vol. 103, pp. 156-164, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2016.10.033.
2. S. Arias, J. G. Castaño, E. Correa, F. Echeverría, and M. Gómez, “Effect of heat treatment on tribological properties of Ni-B coatings on low carbon steel: wear maps and wear mechanisms,” Journal of Tribology, vol. 141, no. 9, pp. 1-9, 2019, doi: 10.1115/1.4043906.
3. A. S. Hamdy, M. A. Shoeib, H. Hady, and O. F. Abdel Salam, “Electroless deposition of ternary Ni–P alloy coatings containing tungsten or nano-scattered alumina composite on steel,” Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, vol. 38, pp. 385-394, 2008, doi: 10.1007/s10800-007-9451-9.
4. P. Sahoo and S. K. Das, “Tribology of electroless nickel coatings–a review,” Materials and Design, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 1760-1775, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2010.11.013.
5. V. B. Chintada, R. Koona, and M. V. A. R. Bahubalendruni, “State of art review on nickel-based electroless coatings and materials,” Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion, vol. 7, no. 134, pp. 1-14, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s40735-021-00568-7.
6. H. Algul, M. Uysal, and A. Alp, “A comparative study on morphological, mechanical and tribological properties of electroless NiP, NiB and NiBP coatings,” Applied Surface Science Advances, vol. 4, pp. 1-10, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.apsadv.2021.100089.
7. A. Hadipour, S. M. Monirvaghefi, and M. E. Bahrololoom, “Electroless deposition of graded Ni–P coatings,” Surface Engineering, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 399-405, 2015, doi: 10.1179/1743294414Y.0000000430.
8. V. B. Chintada, T. R. Gurugubelli, M. R. Tamtam, and R. Koutavarapu, “Advancements in nickel-phosphate/boron based electroless composite coatings: a comprehensive review of mechanical properties and recent developments,” Materials, vol. 16, no. 6116, pp. 1-26, 2023, doi: 10.3390/ma16186116.

9. Q. Barati and S. M. M. Hadavi, “Electroless Ni-B and composite coatings: A critical review on formation mechanism, properties, applications and future trends,” Surfaces and Interfaces, vol. 21, pp. 1-13, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100702.
10. Z. A. Hamid, H. B. Hassan, and A. M. Attyia, “Influence of deposition temperature and heat treatment on the performance of electroless Ni-B films,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 205, no. 7, pp. 2348-2354, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.09.025.
11. J. N. Balaraju, A. Priyadarshi, V. Kumar, N. T. Manikandanath, P. P. Kumar, and B. Ravisankar, “Hardness and wear behaviour of electroless Ni-B coatings,” Materials Science and Technology, vol. 32, no. 16, pp. 1654-1665, 2016, doi:10.1080/02670836.2015.1137683.
12. E. Duru, F. Doğan, M. Uysal, H. Akbulut, and S. Aslan, “Optimization of Ni-B coating bath and effect of DMAB concentration on hardness and wear,” Surfaces and Interfaces, vol. 22, pp. 1-9, 2021, doi:10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100880.
13. F. Madah, C. Dehghanian, and A. A. Amadeh, “Investigations on the wear mechanisms of electroless Ni-B coating during dry sliding and endurance life of the worn surfaces,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 282, pp. 6-15, 2015, doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.09.003
14. S. Kundu, S. K. Das, and P. Sahoo, “Friction and wear behavior of electroless Ni-P-W coating exposed to elevated temperature,” Surfaces and Interfaces, vol. 14, pp. 192-207, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.surfin.2018.12.007.
15. R. Agrawal, O. Prakash, L. S. Brar, and A. Mukhopadhyay, “A systematic investigation of lead-free electroless Ni-B-W coating properties using Taguchi’s methodology,” Coatings, vol. 13, no. 1585, pp. 1-21, 2023, doi: 10.3390/coatings13091585.
16. A. I. Aydeniz, A. Göksenli, G. Dil, F. Muhaffel, C. Calli, and B. Yüksel, “Electroless Ni-B-W coatings for improving hardness, wear and corrosion resistance,” Materiali in Tehnologije, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 803-806, 2013.
17. M. C. L. D. Oliveira, O. V. Corrêa, B. Ett, I. J. Sayeg, N. B. D. Lima, and R. A. Antunes, “Influence of the tungsten content on surface properties of electroless Ni-W-P coatings,” Materials Research, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 1-13, 2018, doi: 10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2017-0567.
18. F. Mindivan and H. Mindivan, “The study of electroless Ni-P/Ni-B duplex coating on HVOF-sprayed martensitic stainless steel coating,” Acta Physica Polonica A, vol. 131, no. 1, pp. 64-67, 2017, doi: 10.12693/APhysPolA.131.64.
19. F. Mindivan, H. Mindivan, and A. Bayram, “The electroless monolayer and duplex Ni-B and Ni-P coatings for 316L stainless steel in synergistic combination of mechanical (wear) and chemical (corrosion) processes,” Advanced Engineering Materials, vol. 25, pp.1-17, 2023, doi: 10.1002/adem.202201501.
20. P. Biswas, S. K. Das, and P. Sahoo, “Mechanical, tribological and corrosion performances of autocatalytic duplex Ni–P/Ni–Mo–P coating,” Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 2443-2462, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s13369-023-08246-1.
21. ASTM, ASTM E92: Test methods for Vickers hardness and Knoop hardness of metallic materials. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2017.
22. ISO, ISO 4287: Geometrical product specifications (GPS)-surface texture: profile method-terms, definitions and surface texture parameters. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO, 2002.
23. ASTM, ASTM G133: Test method for linearly reciprocating ball-on-flat sliding wear. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2005, doi: 10.1520/G0133-05R16.
24. H. Gul, H. Algul, A. Akyol, M. Uysal, and A. Alp, “Evaluation of wear and corrosion behavior of electroless Ni-BP/CNT composite coatings on aluminum surfaces,” Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 137, pp. 1-13, doi: 10.1016/j.diamond.2023.110075.
25. S. Roy and P. Sahoo, “Corrosion study of electroless Ni-P-W coatings using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,” Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 203-220, 2012. doi:10.4152/pea.201203203
26. T. X. Jiang and H. H. Wu, “Deposition and characterization of electroless nickel-phosphorus-boron coatings from acidic bath,” Journal of Electrochemistry, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 2000.
27. S. M. A. Shibli and K. S. Chinchu, “Development and electrochemical characterization of Ni-P coated tungsten incorporated electroless nickel coatings,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 178, pp. 21-30, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2016.04.034
28. F. Zhao, H. Hu, J. Yu, J. Lai, H. He, Y. Zhang, H, Qi, D. Wang, “Mechanical and tribological properties of Ni-B and Ni-BW coatings prepared by electroless plating,” Lubricants, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1-13, 2023, doi: 10.3390/lubricants11020042.
29. M. Barman, T. K. Barman, and P. Sahoo, “Effects of W and Mo concentrations on mechanical behaviour of Ni-B based coatings-a comparative study,” Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series D, pp. 1-18, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s40033-024-00696-7.
30. J.N. Balaraju, Kalavati, K.S. Rajam, “Surface morphology and structure of electroless ternary Ni-W-P deposits with various W and P contents,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 486, no. 1-2, pp. 468-473, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.06.173.
31. I. M. Fedorchenko, Y. A. Guslienko, T. N. Dvernikova, and A. F. Khrienko, “Composite electrolytic nickel-phosphorus-boron coatings,” Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics, vol. 20, pp. 726-728, 1981.
32. A. Ren and M. Kang, “Tribological behavior and wear mechanism of Ni-B composite coatings strengthened with doping WC@MoS2 powders,” Surfaces and Interfaces, vol. 56, p. 105688, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.surfin.2024.105688.
33. S. Tan, H. Algül, E. Kiliçaslan, A. Alp, H. Akbulut, M. Uysal, “The effect of ultrasonic power on high temperature wear and corrosion resistance for Ni based alloy composite coatings,” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol. 656, pp. 1-16, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130345.
34. C. Huang, Z. Zhang, J, Yan, L. Sun, J. Wang, “Enhancing wear and corrosion resistance of electroless Ni-P coatings in CO2-saturated NaCl solution through polytetrafluoroethylene incorporation,” Corrosion Science, vol. 226, pp.1-17, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2023.111620.
35. L. Wang, Y. Gao, Q. Xue, H. Liua, and T. Xu, “A novel electrodeposited Ni-P gradient deposit for replacement of conventional hard chromium,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 200, no. 12-13, pp. 3719-3726, 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.10.016.
36. S. Touri and S. M. Monirvaghefi, “Fabrication and characterization of functionally graded Ni-P electroless coating with variable properties along the surface of the coating,” Mater. Today Commun., vol. 24, pp. 1-7, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101203.
37. G. Di Egidio, C. Martini, E. Ghassemali, and A. Morri, “Electroless Ni-P + diamond-like carbon multilayer: Influence on tribological behaviour of AlSi10Mg produced by powder bed fusion-laser beam,” Wear, vols. 566-567, pp. 1-19, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.205803.