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Üniversite Öğrencileri için Akılcı ve Akılcı Olmayan Düşünceler Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 1 - 24, 30.06.2024

Öz

Bu çalışma Türk kültüründe üniversite öğrencileri için Akılcı ve Akılcı Olmayan Düşünceler Ölçeğinin geliştirilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, alanyazında önerilen ölçek geliştirme süreci sistematik bir şekilde takip edilmiştir. Çalışma nitel keşif, ölçme aracının geliştirilmesi ve nicel değerlendirme olmak üzere üç aşamada gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma grubunu yaşları 18-29 arasında değişen üniversite öğrencileri oluşturmuştur. Yapı geçerliği çalışmaları Akılcı Olmayan Düşünceler Formunun, talepkarlık, rahatsız olmaya katlanamama, felaketleştirme ve değersizleştirme alt boyutlarından oluştuğunu, Akılcı Düşünceler Formunun ise tercihler, toleranslı olma, olumsuzluğun gerçekçi değerlendirilmesi ve kabul alt boyutlarından oluştuğunu göstermiştir. Akılcı Olmayan Düşünceler Formu için hesaplanan Cronbach alfa (α) ve McDonald’s Omega (ω) değerinin .86 ve Akılcı Düşünceler Formu için hesaplanan Cronbach alfa (α) değerinin .92 ve McDonald’s Omega (ω) değerinin .91 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgular, Akılcı Olmayan Düşünceler Formu ile Akılcı Düşünceler Formunun geçerli ve güvenilir olduğunu göstermektedir.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın etik kurul izni Gazi Üniversitesi Etik Komisyonunda görüşülmüş ve 02.11.2021 tarih ve 17 sayılı toplantısında etik açıdan uygun olduğu görülmüştür. (Araştırma Kod No: 2021 -999)

Kaynakça

  • Artıran, M. (2019). The adaptation of shortened General Attitudes and Beliefs Scale into Turkish: A validity and reliability study. İnönü University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 20(3), 842-858. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.516350
  • Artıran, M., & DiGiuseppe, R. (2020). A Turkish translation of a measure of irrational and rational beliefs: Reliability, validity studies and confirmation of the four cognitive processes model. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 369-398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-020-00340-9 Bernard, M. E. (1998). Validation of the General Attitude and Belief Scale. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 16(3), 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024911014579
  • Bernard, M. E. (2009). Dispute irrational beliefs and teach rational beliefs: An interview with Albert Ellis. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 27(1), 66-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-009-0089-x
  • Bernard, M. E. (2011). Rationality and the pursuit of happiness: The legacy of Albert Ellis. UK: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bilge, F., & Arslan, A. (2000). Akılcı olmayan düşünce düzeyleri farklı üniversite öğrencilerinin problem çözme becerilerinin değerlendirilmesi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 2(13), 7-17. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/199972
  • Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
  • Carpenter, S. (2018). Ten steps in scale development and reporting: A guide for researchers. Communication Methods and Measures, 12(1), 25-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1396583
  • Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. New Jersey: Psychology.
  • Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868
  • Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). California: SAGE.
  • Çivitci, A. (2006). Ergenlerde mantıkdışı inançlar: Sosyodemografik değişkenlere göre bir inceleme. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(19), 7-17. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/pauefd/issue/11124/133033
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2017). Scale Development: Theory and applications (4th ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE. DiGiuseppe, R. (1996). The nature of irrational and rational beliefs: Progress in rational emotive behavior theory. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 14(1), 5-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02238091
  • DiGiuseppe, R. A., Doyle, K. A., Dryden, W., & Backx, W. (2013). A practitioner's guide to rational-emotive behavior therapy. New York, NY: Oxford University.
  • DiGiuseppe, R., Gorman, B., & Raptis, J. (2020). The factor structure of the Attitudes and Beliefs Scale 2: Implications for rational emotive behavior therapy. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 38, 111–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-020-00349-0
  • DiGiuseppe, R., Gorman, B., Raptis, J., Agiurgioaei-Boie, A., Agiurgioaei, F., Leaf, R., & Robin, M. W. (2021). The development of a short form of an Irrational/Rational Beliefs Scale. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 39, 456–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-021-00386-3
  • DiGiuseppe, R., Leaf, R., Gorman, B., & Robin, R. (2018). The development of a measure of irrational/rational beliefs. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 36(1), 47–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-017-0273-3
  • Dilmaç, B., Aydoğan, D., Koruklu, N., & Deniz, M. E. (2009). İlköğretim öğrencilerinin mükemmeliyetçilik özelliklerinin mantıkdışı inançlarla açıklanabilirliği. İlköğretim Online, 8(3), 720-728. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ilkonline/issue/8597/106991
  • Dryden, W. (1994). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy: Thirty years on. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 12(2), 83-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02354606
  • Dryden, W. (2011). Understanding psychological health: The REBT perspective. London: Routledge.
  • Dryden, W. (2013). On rational beliefs in rational emotive behavior therapy: A theoretical perspective. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 31(1), 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-012-0158-4
  • Dryden, W. (2019). Rational emotive behaviour therapy and the working alliance. In M. E. Bernard & W. Dryden (Eds.), Advances in REBT: Theory, practice, research, measurement, prevention and promotion (pp. 121-146). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
  • Dryden, W. (2020). Awfulizing: Some conceptual and therapeutic considerations. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 38, 295-305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-020-00358-z
  • Dryden, W. (2021). Dealing with emotional problems in coaching: A rational-emotive and cognitive behaviour therapy (RECBT) approach (2nd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
  • Dryden, W., & Neenan, M. (2004). Counselling individuals: A rational emotive behavioural handbook (4th ed.). Whurr.
  • Ellis, A. (1997). Must musturbation and demandingness lead to emotional disorders?. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 34(1), 95-98. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087779
  • Ellis, A. (2003). Discomfort anxiety: A new cognitive-behavioral construct (Part II). Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 21(3–4), 183-191. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025833927340
  • Ellis, A., & Dryden, W. (1997). The practice of rational emotive behavior therapy (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
  • Ellis, A., David, D., & Lynn, S. J. (2010). A historical and conceptual perspective. In A. Ellis, D. David & S. J. Lynn (Eds.), Rational and irrational beliefs (pp. 3-22). New York: Oxford University.
  • Eraslan-Çapan, B. & Korkut-Owen, F. (2018). Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin mesleğe ilişkin akılcı olmayan düşünceleri. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (47), 360-386. https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.359575
  • Erkuş, A. (2016). Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme I: Temel kavramlar ve işlemler (3. bs.). Ankara: Pegem. Goretzko, D., Pham, T. T. H., & Bühner, M. (2021). Exploratory factor analysis: Current use, methodological developments and recommendations for good practice. Current Psychology, 40(7), 3510-3521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00300-2
  • Hamarta, E., Arslan, C., Saygin, Y., & Özyeşil, Z. (2009). Benlik saygısı ve akılcı olmayan inançlar bakımından üniversite öğrencilerinin stresle başaçıkma yaklaşımlarının analizi. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 7(18), 25-42. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ded/issue/29182/312486
  • Howard, M. C. (2016). A review of exploratory factor analysis decisions and overview of current practices: What we are doing and how can we improve?. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 32(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2015.1087664
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Kelloway, E. K. (2015). Using Mplus for structural equation modeling: A researcher's guide (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.
  • Lindner, H., Kirkby, R., Wertheim, E., & Birch, P. (1999). A brief assessment of irrational thinking: The shortened. General Attitude and Belief Scale. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23(6), 651-663. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018741009293
  • Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (3rd ed.). Josses-Bass: San Francisco.
  • Oltean, H. R., Hyland, P., Vallières, F., & David, D. O. (2019). Rational beliefs, happiness and optimism: An empirical assessment of REBT's model of psychological health. International Journal of Psychology, 54(4), 495-500. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12492
  • Özdamar, K. (2016). Ölçek ve test geliştirme yapısal eşitlik modellemesi. Nisan.
  • Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step-by-step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (3rd ed.). New York: Open University.
  • Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step-by-step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (7th ed.). Routledge.
  • Ruiz-Rodríguez, J., Suso-Ribera, C., & Sorribes-Vall, F. (2020). Development and psychometric properties of a new measure of irrational thinking: The Scale of Irrational Contents and Styles-Basics (SICS-B). Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 38(4), 498-521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-020-00348-1
  • Seçer, İ. (2015). Psikolojik ölçme aracı geliştirme ve uyarlama süreci: SPSS ve Lisrel uygulamaları. Anı.
  • Szentagotai, A. & Jones, J. (2010). The behavioral consequences of irrational beliefs. In A. Ellis, D. David & S. J. Lynn (Eds.), Rational and irrational beliefs (pp. 75-97). New York: Oxford University.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson.
  • Tezbaşaran, A. A. (2008). Likert tipi ölçek hazırlama kılavuzu (3. Bs.). https://www.academia.edu/1288035/Likert_Tipi_%C3%96l%C3%A7ek_Haz%C4%B1rlama_K%C4%B1lavuzu
  • Turner, M. J. (2016). Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), irrational and rational beliefs, and the mental health of athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1423. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01423
  • Türküm, A. S. (2003). Akılcı olmayan inanç ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi ve kısaltma çalışmaları. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 2(19), 41-47. https://earsiv.anadolu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/11421/14901 sayfasından erişilmiştir.
  • Urfa, O. & Urfa, D. T. (2019). Kısaltılmış Genel Tutum ve İnanç Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması. Uluslararası Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(12), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.46778/goputeb.468852
  • Vîslă, A., Flückiger, C., Grosse Holtforth, M., & David, D. (2016). Irrational beliefs and psychological distress: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85(1), 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1159/000441231

Development of Rational and Irrational Beliefs Scale for University Students

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 1 - 24, 30.06.2024

Öz

The present study aims to develop a Rational and Irrational Beliefs Scale for university students in Turkish culture. The scale development process recommended in the literature was followed systematically. The study was performed in three stages: qualitative exploration, development of the measurement instrument and quantitative evaluation. The study group consisted of university students aged between 18-29 years. Construct validity studies showed that the Irrational Beliefs Form consisted of the sub-dimensions of de of demandingness, frustration intolerance, awfulizing, and global evolution of worth, while the Rational Beliefs Form consisted of the sub-dimensions of preferences, tolerance, realistic evaluation of negativity, and acceptance. The Cronbach’s alpha (α) and McDonald’s Omega (ω) value calculated for the Irrational Beliefs Form was .86 and the Cronbach’s alpha (α) value calculated for the Rational Beliefs Form was .92 and McDonald’s Omega (ω) value was .91. The findings indicate that the Irrational Beliefs Form and the Rational Beliefs Form are valid and reliable.

Etik Beyan

The study was carried out within the framework of the Helsinki Declaration and all participants whose informed consents were obtained took part in this study as volunteers. The ethics committee of Gazi University was consulted for ethical approval of this study.

Kaynakça

  • Artıran, M. (2019). The adaptation of shortened General Attitudes and Beliefs Scale into Turkish: A validity and reliability study. İnönü University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 20(3), 842-858. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.516350
  • Artıran, M., & DiGiuseppe, R. (2020). A Turkish translation of a measure of irrational and rational beliefs: Reliability, validity studies and confirmation of the four cognitive processes model. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 369-398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-020-00340-9 Bernard, M. E. (1998). Validation of the General Attitude and Belief Scale. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 16(3), 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024911014579
  • Bernard, M. E. (2009). Dispute irrational beliefs and teach rational beliefs: An interview with Albert Ellis. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 27(1), 66-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-009-0089-x
  • Bernard, M. E. (2011). Rationality and the pursuit of happiness: The legacy of Albert Ellis. UK: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bilge, F., & Arslan, A. (2000). Akılcı olmayan düşünce düzeyleri farklı üniversite öğrencilerinin problem çözme becerilerinin değerlendirilmesi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 2(13), 7-17. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/199972
  • Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
  • Carpenter, S. (2018). Ten steps in scale development and reporting: A guide for researchers. Communication Methods and Measures, 12(1), 25-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1396583
  • Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. New Jersey: Psychology.
  • Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868
  • Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). California: SAGE.
  • Çivitci, A. (2006). Ergenlerde mantıkdışı inançlar: Sosyodemografik değişkenlere göre bir inceleme. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(19), 7-17. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/pauefd/issue/11124/133033
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2017). Scale Development: Theory and applications (4th ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE. DiGiuseppe, R. (1996). The nature of irrational and rational beliefs: Progress in rational emotive behavior theory. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 14(1), 5-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02238091
  • DiGiuseppe, R. A., Doyle, K. A., Dryden, W., & Backx, W. (2013). A practitioner's guide to rational-emotive behavior therapy. New York, NY: Oxford University.
  • DiGiuseppe, R., Gorman, B., & Raptis, J. (2020). The factor structure of the Attitudes and Beliefs Scale 2: Implications for rational emotive behavior therapy. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 38, 111–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-020-00349-0
  • DiGiuseppe, R., Gorman, B., Raptis, J., Agiurgioaei-Boie, A., Agiurgioaei, F., Leaf, R., & Robin, M. W. (2021). The development of a short form of an Irrational/Rational Beliefs Scale. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 39, 456–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-021-00386-3
  • DiGiuseppe, R., Leaf, R., Gorman, B., & Robin, R. (2018). The development of a measure of irrational/rational beliefs. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 36(1), 47–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-017-0273-3
  • Dilmaç, B., Aydoğan, D., Koruklu, N., & Deniz, M. E. (2009). İlköğretim öğrencilerinin mükemmeliyetçilik özelliklerinin mantıkdışı inançlarla açıklanabilirliği. İlköğretim Online, 8(3), 720-728. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ilkonline/issue/8597/106991
  • Dryden, W. (1994). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy: Thirty years on. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 12(2), 83-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02354606
  • Dryden, W. (2011). Understanding psychological health: The REBT perspective. London: Routledge.
  • Dryden, W. (2013). On rational beliefs in rational emotive behavior therapy: A theoretical perspective. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 31(1), 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-012-0158-4
  • Dryden, W. (2019). Rational emotive behaviour therapy and the working alliance. In M. E. Bernard & W. Dryden (Eds.), Advances in REBT: Theory, practice, research, measurement, prevention and promotion (pp. 121-146). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
  • Dryden, W. (2020). Awfulizing: Some conceptual and therapeutic considerations. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 38, 295-305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-020-00358-z
  • Dryden, W. (2021). Dealing with emotional problems in coaching: A rational-emotive and cognitive behaviour therapy (RECBT) approach (2nd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
  • Dryden, W., & Neenan, M. (2004). Counselling individuals: A rational emotive behavioural handbook (4th ed.). Whurr.
  • Ellis, A. (1997). Must musturbation and demandingness lead to emotional disorders?. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 34(1), 95-98. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087779
  • Ellis, A. (2003). Discomfort anxiety: A new cognitive-behavioral construct (Part II). Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 21(3–4), 183-191. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025833927340
  • Ellis, A., & Dryden, W. (1997). The practice of rational emotive behavior therapy (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
  • Ellis, A., David, D., & Lynn, S. J. (2010). A historical and conceptual perspective. In A. Ellis, D. David & S. J. Lynn (Eds.), Rational and irrational beliefs (pp. 3-22). New York: Oxford University.
  • Eraslan-Çapan, B. & Korkut-Owen, F. (2018). Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin mesleğe ilişkin akılcı olmayan düşünceleri. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (47), 360-386. https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.359575
  • Erkuş, A. (2016). Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme I: Temel kavramlar ve işlemler (3. bs.). Ankara: Pegem. Goretzko, D., Pham, T. T. H., & Bühner, M. (2021). Exploratory factor analysis: Current use, methodological developments and recommendations for good practice. Current Psychology, 40(7), 3510-3521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00300-2
  • Hamarta, E., Arslan, C., Saygin, Y., & Özyeşil, Z. (2009). Benlik saygısı ve akılcı olmayan inançlar bakımından üniversite öğrencilerinin stresle başaçıkma yaklaşımlarının analizi. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 7(18), 25-42. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ded/issue/29182/312486
  • Howard, M. C. (2016). A review of exploratory factor analysis decisions and overview of current practices: What we are doing and how can we improve?. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 32(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2015.1087664
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Kelloway, E. K. (2015). Using Mplus for structural equation modeling: A researcher's guide (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.
  • Lindner, H., Kirkby, R., Wertheim, E., & Birch, P. (1999). A brief assessment of irrational thinking: The shortened. General Attitude and Belief Scale. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23(6), 651-663. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018741009293
  • Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (3rd ed.). Josses-Bass: San Francisco.
  • Oltean, H. R., Hyland, P., Vallières, F., & David, D. O. (2019). Rational beliefs, happiness and optimism: An empirical assessment of REBT's model of psychological health. International Journal of Psychology, 54(4), 495-500. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12492
  • Özdamar, K. (2016). Ölçek ve test geliştirme yapısal eşitlik modellemesi. Nisan.
  • Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step-by-step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (3rd ed.). New York: Open University.
  • Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step-by-step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (7th ed.). Routledge.
  • Ruiz-Rodríguez, J., Suso-Ribera, C., & Sorribes-Vall, F. (2020). Development and psychometric properties of a new measure of irrational thinking: The Scale of Irrational Contents and Styles-Basics (SICS-B). Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 38(4), 498-521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-020-00348-1
  • Seçer, İ. (2015). Psikolojik ölçme aracı geliştirme ve uyarlama süreci: SPSS ve Lisrel uygulamaları. Anı.
  • Szentagotai, A. & Jones, J. (2010). The behavioral consequences of irrational beliefs. In A. Ellis, D. David & S. J. Lynn (Eds.), Rational and irrational beliefs (pp. 75-97). New York: Oxford University.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson.
  • Tezbaşaran, A. A. (2008). Likert tipi ölçek hazırlama kılavuzu (3. Bs.). https://www.academia.edu/1288035/Likert_Tipi_%C3%96l%C3%A7ek_Haz%C4%B1rlama_K%C4%B1lavuzu
  • Turner, M. J. (2016). Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), irrational and rational beliefs, and the mental health of athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1423. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01423
  • Türküm, A. S. (2003). Akılcı olmayan inanç ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi ve kısaltma çalışmaları. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 2(19), 41-47. https://earsiv.anadolu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/11421/14901 sayfasından erişilmiştir.
  • Urfa, O. & Urfa, D. T. (2019). Kısaltılmış Genel Tutum ve İnanç Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması. Uluslararası Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(12), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.46778/goputeb.468852
  • Vîslă, A., Flückiger, C., Grosse Holtforth, M., & David, D. (2016). Irrational beliefs and psychological distress: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85(1), 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1159/000441231
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Klinik Psikoloji, Psikolojik danışmanlık
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Fedai Kabadayı 0000-0003-2486-2337

Mehmet Güven

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 5 Nisan 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kabadayı, F., & Güven, M. (2024). Üniversite Öğrencileri için Akılcı ve Akılcı Olmayan Düşünceler Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi. Klinik Ve Ruh Sağlığı Psikolojik Danışmanlığı Dergisi, 4(1), 1-24.