Longitudinal evaluation of lipid profile and biochemical parameters in hypertensive patients across three phases of COVID-19 infection

Müzeyyen Budak; Meltem Güngör; Eyüp İlker Saygili; Sevgi Eskiocak; İlyas Gökşen; Sevim Eda Karabacak; Zeynep Rumeysa Yoldaş; Pınar Günel

doi:10.66235/kumj.1875963

Longitudinal evaluation of lipid profile and biochemical parameters in hypertensive patients across three phases of COVID-19 infection

Abstract

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal changes in lipid profiles and biochemical parameters in patients with hypertension across three stages: pre-infection, acute COVID-19 infection, and post-infection.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 25 hypertensive patients (average age 66.07±12.02 years; 55.8% male) admitted to a hospital in Gaziantep province. The same patient data were collected from three distinct periods: before COVID-19 diagnosis, during hospitalization for acute COVID-19, and after recovery. Parameters included Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C, glucose, electrolytes (Na, K), liver enzymes (AST, ALT), and coagulation markers (PTZ, INR). Statistical significance was assessed across the three time points.

Results: A statistically significant difference was found only in Sodium (Na) levels across the three periods (p<0.05). Although not statistically significant, distinct trends were observed: VLDL and TG levels showed a consistent increase from pre-to-post infection. Conversely, HDL-C, Potassium (K), PTZ, and INR levels demonstrated a decreasing trend. LDL-C and Total Cholesterol reached their lowest levels during the acute phase, while AST, ALT, Glucose, and eGFR reached their peak during the acute infection.

Conclusion: Acute COVID-19 infection affects lipid metabolism in hypertensive patients. The decrease in protective HDL and the increase in TG suggest a shift towards an atherogenic profile that persists until the recovery phase. Simultaneously, COVID-19 infection causes significant fluctuations in electrolyte balance (sodium) and triggers clinically insignificant but pronounced trends in lipid metabolism. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive cardiovascular risk assessment and metabolic monitoring in this high-risk patient group.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

None

Project Number

None

Ethical Statement

Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the SANKO University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Decision No: 2022/16-01)

Thanks

This study was developed from Müzeyyen Budak's master thesis 2022.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Cardiology, Infectious Diseases, Clinical Chemistry

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Müzeyyen Budak This is me
0000-0001-8568-4656
Türkiye

Meltem Güngör ^*
0000-0002-8062-1610
Türkiye

Eyüp İlker Saygili
0000-0002-0102-4237
Türkiye

Sevgi Eskiocak
0000-0002-0813-2345
Türkiye

İlyas Gökşen
0009-0003-0753-4101
Türkiye

Sevim Eda Karabacak This is me
0000-0003-3106-9126
Türkiye

Zeynep Rumeysa Yoldaş
0000-0002-5608-9003
Türkiye

Pınar Günel
0000-0000-0000-0001
Türkiye

Publication Date

September 27, 2026

Submission Date

January 30, 2026

Acceptance Date

July 17, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 6 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.66235/kumj.1875963

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA76TG44MW

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Budak, M., Güngör, M., Saygili, E. İ., Eskiocak, S., Gökşen, İ., Karabacak, S. E., Yoldaş, Z. R., & Günel, P. (2026). Longitudinal evaluation of lipid profile and biochemical parameters in hypertensive patients across three phases of COVID-19 infection. Kastamonu Medical Journal, 6(3), 219-223. https://doi.org/10.66235/kumj.1875963

AMA

1.Budak M, Güngör M, Saygili Eİ, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of lipid profile and biochemical parameters in hypertensive patients across three phases of COVID-19 infection. Kastamonu Medical Journal. 2026;6(3):219-223. doi:10.66235/kumj.1875963

Chicago

Budak, Müzeyyen, Meltem Güngör, Eyüp İlker Saygili, et al. 2026. “Longitudinal Evaluation of Lipid Profile and Biochemical Parameters in Hypertensive Patients across Three Phases of COVID-19 Infection”. Kastamonu Medical Journal 6 (3): 219-23. https://doi.org/10.66235/kumj.1875963.

EndNote

Budak M, Güngör M, Saygili Eİ, Eskiocak S, Gökşen İ, Karabacak SE, Yoldaş ZR, Günel P (September 1, 2026) Longitudinal evaluation of lipid profile and biochemical parameters in hypertensive patients across three phases of COVID-19 infection. Kastamonu Medical Journal 6 3 219–223.

IEEE

[1]M. Budak et al., “Longitudinal evaluation of lipid profile and biochemical parameters in hypertensive patients across three phases of COVID-19 infection”, Kastamonu Medical Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 219–223, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.66235/kumj.1875963.

ISNAD

Budak, Müzeyyen - Güngör, Meltem - Saygili, Eyüp İlker - Eskiocak, Sevgi - Gökşen, İlyas - Karabacak, Sevim Eda - Yoldaş, Zeynep Rumeysa - Günel, Pınar. “Longitudinal Evaluation of Lipid Profile and Biochemical Parameters in Hypertensive Patients across Three Phases of COVID-19 Infection”. Kastamonu Medical Journal 6/3 (September 1, 2026): 219-223. https://doi.org/10.66235/kumj.1875963.

JAMA

1.Budak M, Güngör M, Saygili Eİ, Eskiocak S, Gökşen İ, Karabacak SE, Yoldaş ZR, Günel P. Longitudinal evaluation of lipid profile and biochemical parameters in hypertensive patients across three phases of COVID-19 infection. Kastamonu Medical Journal. 2026;6:219–223.

MLA

Budak, Müzeyyen, et al. “Longitudinal Evaluation of Lipid Profile and Biochemical Parameters in Hypertensive Patients across Three Phases of COVID-19 Infection”. Kastamonu Medical Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 219-23, doi:10.66235/kumj.1875963.

Vancouver

1.Müzeyyen Budak, Meltem Güngör, Eyüp İlker Saygili, Sevgi Eskiocak, İlyas Gökşen, Sevim Eda Karabacak, Zeynep Rumeysa Yoldaş, Pınar Günel. Longitudinal evaluation of lipid profile and biochemical parameters in hypertensive patients across three phases of COVID-19 infection. Kastamonu Medical Journal. 2026 Sep. 1;6(3):219-23. doi:10.66235/kumj.1875963