<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>kırıkkale üni tıp derg</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>The Journal of Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2148-9645</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Kırıkkale Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24938/kutfd.1838572</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Health Services and Systems (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Sistemleri (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Surgical Management and Prognostic Factors in Pulmonary Carcinoid Tumors: A Single-Center Experience</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>AKCİĞER KARSİNOİD TÜMÖRLERİNDE CERRAHİ TEDAVİ VE PROGNOSTİK FAKTÖRLER:TEK MERKEZ DENEYİMİ</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1152-2854</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Uysal</surname>
                                    <given-names>Serkan</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0616-1326</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Kumbasar</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ulaş</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>HACETTEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-5486</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Ancın</surname>
                                    <given-names>Burcu</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Burdur Devlet Hastanesi</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9476-9328</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Özercan</surname>
                                    <given-names>Mesut Melih</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>KIRIKKALE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6502-9072</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Yılmaz</surname>
                                    <given-names>Yiğit</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>HACETTEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0866-5221</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Dikmen</surname>
                                    <given-names>Erkan</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>HACETTEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4845-3044</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Doğan</surname>
                                    <given-names>Rıza</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>HACETTEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260427">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>27</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>28</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>97</fpage>
                                        <lpage>101</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251211">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>11</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20251219">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>19</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1999, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1999</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Objective: Pulmonary carcinoid tumors are rare neuroendocrine tumors with low malignant potential, for which surgical resection remains the gold standard. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics, symptomatology, surgical procedures performed, and long-term survival outcomes of patients operated on for pulmonary carcinoid tumors in our clinic, with a focus on histopathological subtypes.Material and Methods: Data of 41 patients who underwent surgical treatment for pulmonary carcinoid tumors were analyzed retrospectively. Patients were divided into two groups based on histopathology: typical and atypical carcinoids. Demographic data, presenting symptoms, tumor characteristics, surgical procedures, and survival rates were analyzed. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and inter-group comparisons were made using Log-rank and Mann-Whitney U tests.Results: The mean age of the 41 patients (26 Females, 15 Males) included in the study was 49 ±12.7 years. At presentation, 43.9% (n=18) of the patients were asymptomatic; among symptomatic patients, cough (22%) and dyspnea (14.6%) were the most common complaints. Histopathological examination revealed typical carcinoid in 32 (78%) patients and atypical carcinoid in 9 (22%) patients. The most common surgical procedure was lobectomy (58.5%), while the rate of parenchyma-sparing surgery was 26.8%. The mean follow-up period was 133.8±54.5 months. The 5-year overall survival rate was 93.8% in the typical carcinoid group and 88.9% in the atypical carcinoid group. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of survival (p=0.336).Conclusion: Surgical resection is a safe treatment option for pulmonary carcinoid tumors with low complication rates and high survival outcomes. The fact that a significant proportion of patients are asymptomatic suggests an increase in incidental diagnoses. In early-stage atypical carcinoids treated with complete resection, long-term results comparable to typical variants can be achieved.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Amaç: Akciğer karsinoid tümörleri, düşük malignite potansiyeline sahip olmasına rağmen cerrahi rezeksiyonun altın standart olduğu nadir nöroendokrin tümörlerdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kliniğimizde opere edilen akciğer karsinoid tümörlü hastaların klinikopatolojik özelliklerini, başvuru semptomlarını, uygulanan cerrahi yöntemleri ve uzun dönem sağkalım sonuçlarını histopatolojik alt tipler eşliğinde değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Kliniğimizde akciğer karsinoid tümörü tanısı ile cerrahi tedavi uygulanan 41 hastanın verileri retrospektif olarak incelendi. Hastalar histopatolojik olarak tipik ve atipik karsinoid olmak üzere iki gruba ayrıldı. Demografik veriler, başvuru şikâyetleri, tümör özellikleri, cerrahi prosedürler ve sağkalım durumları analiz edildi. Sağkalım analizleri Kaplan-Meier yöntemi ile, gruplar arası karşılaştırmalar Log-rank ve Mann-Whitney U testleri ile yapıldı.Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen 41 hastanın (26 Kadın, 15 Erkek) yaş ortalaması 49,0±12,7 yıldı. Başvuru anında hastaların %43,9’unun (n=18) asemptomatik olduğu, semptomatik hastalarda ise en sık öksürük (%22) ve nefes darlığı (%14,6) görüldüğü saptandı. Histopatolojik incelemede 32 (%78) hastada tipik, 9 (%22) hastada atipik karsinoid mevcuttu. En sık uygulanan cerrahi yöntem lobektomi (%58,5) iken, parankim koruyucu cerrahi oranı %26,8 idi. Ortalama takip süresi 133,8±54,5 aydı. Beş yıllık genel sağkalım oranı tipik karsinoid grubunda %93,8, atipik karsinoid grubunda %88,9 olarak bulundu. İki grup arasında sağkalım açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark saptanmadı (p=0,336).Sonuç: Akciğer karsinoid tümörlerde cerrahi rezeksiyon, düşük komplikasyon ve yüksek sağkalım oranları ile güvenli bir tedavi seçeneğidir. Hastaların önemli bir kısmının asemptomatik olması, insidental tanıların arttığını göstermektedir. Erken evrede yakalanan ve tam rezeksiyon uygulanan atipik karsinoidlerde de tipik varyantlar kadar yüz güldürücü uzun dönem sonuçları elde edilebilir.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Akciğer karsinoid tümörü</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  nöroendokrin tümör</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  akciğer cerrahisi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  sağkalım</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  lenf nodu tutulumu</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Pulmonary carcinoid tumor</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  neuroendocrine tumor</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  lung surgery</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  survival</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  lymph node involvement.</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                    <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                    <funding-source>
                                <named-content content-type="funder_name">Çalışmada hiçbir kurum ya da kişiden finansal destek alınmamıştır.</named-content>
                            </funding-source>
                                                                            <award-id>Proje No:GO 20/507 , Karar No:2020/11-35</award-id>
                                            </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yao JC, Hassan M, Phan A, et al. One hundred years after “Carcinoid”: Epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(18):3063-3072.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dixon RK, Britt EJ, Netzer GA, et al. Ten-year single center experience of pulmonary carcinoid tumors and diagnostic yield of bronchoscopic biopsy. Lung. 2016;194(6):905-910.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dasari A, Shen C, Halperin D, et al. Trends in the Incidence, prevalence, and survival outcomes in patients with neuroendocrine tumors in the United States. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(10):1335-1342.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nicholson AG, Tsao MS, Beasley MB, et al. The 2021 WHO Classification of lung tumors: ımpact of advances since 2015. J Thorac Oncol. 2022;17(3):362-387.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Anile M, Diso D, Rendina EA, Venuta F. Bronchoplastic procedures for carcinoid tumors. Thorac Surg Clin. 2014;24(3):299-303.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Li Z, Chen W, Xia M, et al. Sleeve lobectomy compared with pneumonectomy for operable centrally located non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2019;8(6):775-786.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dziedzic M, Cackowski M, Pawlica M, Gabrysz Z, Gofron K, Marjański T. Impact of lymph node involvement in pulmonary carcinoids: a narrative review. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2024;13(12):3731-3740.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nicholson AG, Tsao MS, Beasley MB, et al. The 2021 WHO Classification of lung tumors: ımpact of advances since 2015. J Thorac Oncol. 2022;17(3):362-387.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Steuer CE, Behera M, Kim S, et al. Atypical carcinoid tumor of the lung: A surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database analysis. J Thorac Oncol. 2015;10(3):479-485.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Şahi̇N AB, Çubukçu E, Deli̇Gönül A, et al. Prognostic factors in atypical carcinoid tumors. Eur Res J. 2023;9(5):1194-1200.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Spils M, Klikovits T, Krenbek D, et al. Prognostic factors of recurrence and disease-free survival in radically resected pulmonary carcinoids: a real-world analysis. J Thorac Dis. 2024;16(3):1911-1922.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Choplin R, Kawamoto E, Dyer R, Geisinger K, Mills S, Pope T. Atypical carcinoid of the lung: radiographic features. Am J Roentgenol. 1986;146(4):665-668.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hage R, de la Rivière AB, Seldenrijk CA, van den Bosch JMM. Update in pulmonary carcinoid tumors: A review article. Ann Surg Oncol. 2003;10(6):697-704.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Detterbeck FC. Management of carcinoid tumors. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;89(3):998-1005.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Caplin ME, Baudin E, Ferolla P, et al. Pulmonary neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumors: European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society expert consensus and recommendations for best practice for typical and atypical pulmonary carcinoids. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(8):1604-1620.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ramirez RA, Beyer DT, Diebold AE, et al. rognostic Factors in Typical and Atypical Pulmonary Carcinoids. Ochsner J. 17(4), 335–340.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yendamuri S, Gold D, Jayaprakash V, Dexter E, Nwogu C, Demmy T. Is sublobar resection sufficient for carcinoid tumors? Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;92(5):1774-1779.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Türk F, Yuncu G, Semerkant T, Ekinci Y, Öztürk G. Our Parenchyma-sparing surgical treatment results in carcinoid tumors and changes in the surgical approach. J İzmir Chest Hosp. Published online 2021.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Miyajima M, Maki R, Arai W, et al. Robot-assisted vs. video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in lung cancer. J Thorac Dis. 2022;14(6):1890-1899.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Li M, Zeng Q, Chen Y, Zhao J. The role of wedge resection and lymph node examination in stage IA lung carcinoid tumors. J Thorac Dis. 2024;16(9):5969-5980.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
