Amantadine preserve VCAM immunoexpression levels in cardiac injury induced by brain trauma with its anti-inflammatory action and protective effect on the mitochondrial membrane

Abstract

Brain trauma-induced cytokine storms can impact multiple organs, particularly the heart, through inflammatory and apoptotic mechanisms. This study aimed to examine cardiac pathology following experimental brain trauma (BTCI) and evaluate the protective effects of amantadine (AMN), an NMDA receptor antagonist, on cardiotoxicity. Forty rats were divided into four groups: sham, BTCI, BTCI+AMN-1 (45 mg/kg, ip), and BTCI+AMN-7. Trauma (0.2 Newton) was induced by dropping a 50 g ball from 80 cm. Heart samples were collected 24 hours and seven days post-trauma for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. The BTCI group showed hyperemia, hemorrhage, inflammatory infiltrations, increased Bax and VCAM expressions, and decreased Bcl-2 expression. AMN treatment reversed these findings, with greater efficacy observed after seven days. In conclusion, BTCI induces cardiac damage, while AMN provides protective effects. Further studies are needed to clarify underlying mechanisms.

Keywords

• Brain trauma
• heart
• VCAM
• Bax
• Bcl2
• inflammation

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