Surfaktan ve Çiftlik Hayvanlarında "Yenidoğan Solunum Güçlüğü Sendromu"

Abstract

Öz: Surfaktan, akciğerlerdeki tip II alveoler hücrelerden salınan, alveollerdeki yüzey gerilimini düşürerek akciğerlerin sönmelerini engelleyen lipoprotein yapıda yüzey aktif bir maddedir. Ayrıca akciğerlerdeki lokal savunma sistemlerini düzenleyen immunolojik görevleri de vardır. Yenidoğanların ilk solunum hareketlerinin ardından alveollerin kollabe olmamaları için fötal dönemde yeterli miktarda surfaktanın alveol lumenine salınmış olması şarttır. Fötal dönemin geç aşamalarında salınımı başlayan surfaktan miktarı, akciğerlerin gelişim düzeylerini belirleyen önemli bir parametredir. Surfaktan eksikliğine bağlı akciğer olgunlaşma yetersizliği ile doğan yavrularda solunum fonksiyonlarının devamı ve yavrunun hayatı tehlike altına girmektedir. Surfaktanın eksik salınması solunum sistemi enfeksiyonlarına ve allerjenlerine karşı duyarlılığa da yol açabilmektedir. Çiftlik hayvanlarında surfaktan salınımı insanlara kıyasla doğuma çok yakın bir dönemde, günler hatta saatlerle sınırlı kısa süreler içerisinde gerçekleşmektedir. Bu durum çiftlik hayvanlarını, surfaktan eksikliğine bağlı gelişen “yenidoğan solunum güçlüğü sendromu”na (neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, NRDS) oldukça yatkın hale getirmektedir. Bu nedenle, çiftlik hayvanlarında surfaktan salınımıyla ilgili fizyolojik süreçlerin ve bu bağlamda NRDS’nin fizyopatolojisinin bilinmesi, hastalığın öngörülmesi, önlenmesi ve tedavi edilmesine katkı sağlayacaktır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Akciğer, solunum güçlüğü, surfaktan, yenidoğan

Keywords

• Akciğer
• solunum güçlüğü
• surfaktan
• yenidoğan

Surfactant and “Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome” in Livestock Animals

Abstract

Surfactant, a lipoprotein complex, is a surface-active material released from the alveoler type II cells and prevents the pulmonary collapse by lowering the surface tension. Surfactant has also immunological functions which regulate local defence systems in the lungs. A sufficient amount of surfactant has to be secreted to alveoler lumen at fetal period so that the alveoli do not collapse after the first respiratory movements of neonates. The amount of surfactant which begins to be released at late stages of fetal period, is an important parameter that determines the level of lung development. The continuity of respiration, namely the survival of newborn comes under threat in neonates born with insufficient lung maturation due to lack of surfactant. Inadequate release of surfactant may also cause sensitivity to respiratory infections and allergens. The release of surfactant occur at a period very closed to delivery time and limited to days or even hours in livestock animals when compared with humans. This makes the livestock animals highly susceptible to “neonatal respiratory distress syndrome” (NRDS) which occurs due to surfactant deficiency. So, the knowledge of physiological processes related to secretion of surfactant and the pathophysiology of NRDS in livestock animals will contribute to prediction, prevention and treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

Keywords

• Lung
• neonatal
• respiratory distress
• surfactant

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