Investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrheae Virus, Bovine Herpesvirus 1, and Bovine Leukosis Virus Infections in a Dairy Cattle Herd with Abortion Problem

Year 2013, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 50 - 55, 02.02.2014

Oğuzhan Avcı , Sibel Yavru Mehmet Kale

Abstract

A survey was conducted to determine of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Herpesvirus 1 and Bovine Leukosis Virus infections in a dairy cattle herd with abortion problem in Çankırı. A total of 172 serum and 172 leukocytes samples were collected from unvaccinated Holstein cows for mentioned infections in 2010. All sampled animals were over 3 years. While the serum samples were analysed by commercially available indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), leukocyte samples were analysed by direct ELISA. Out of 172 serum samples 106 (61.62%) were found to be positive for BVDV antibodies. None of 172 cattle leukocyte samples were positive for BVDV antigen. Antibodies against BHV-1 and BLV were not detected in any serum samples. The findings imply that antibodies to BVDV infections are widely distributed in this herd. In this farm, cows have not been previously vaccinated for BVDV, thus seropositive results indicate that there was an acute BVDV infection in cattle. Cows should be routinely checked for BVDV status. Seronegative results for BHV-1 and BLV can be explained by the management conditions. As the negative results of BHV-1 and BLV assessed as positive in terms of herd. In conclusion, it is considered that viral agents can play an important role in abortion in cattle and these factors should be checked regularly. Furthermore it is always taken into consideration viruses may also lead to reproductive problems on cattle breeding.

Keywords

BVDV, BHV-1, BLV, ELISA, Cattle

Abort Problemli Bir Sütçü Sığır İşletmesinde Bovine Viral Diarrheae Virus, Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Ve Bovine Leukosis Virus Enfeksiyonlarının Araştırılması

Abstract

Bu araştırma Çankırı’da abort problemli bir süt sığırcılığı işletmesinde Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Herpesvirus 1 ve Bovine Leukosis Virus enfeksiyonlarının araştırılması amacı ile yapıldı. İncelenen enfeksiyonlar yönünden aşı uygulaması yapılmamış Holştayn ırkı 172 adet inekten (2010 yılında) serum ve lökosit örnekleri alındı. Örneklenen bütün hayvanlar 3 yaşın üzerinde idi. Serum örnekleri indirekt enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) ile lökositler ise direkt ELISA ile incelendi. Toplam172 adet serum örneğinin 106’sı (%61.62) BVDV antikorları yönünden pozitif belirlendi. 172 lökosit örneğinin hiçbirisi BVDV antijen yönünden pozitif bulunmadı. Herhangi bir serum örneğinde BHV-1 ve BLV’ye karşı gelişen antikor varlığı tespit edilmedi. BVDV’ye karşı oluşan antikorların belirlenmesi bu işletmede BVDV enfeksiyonunun yaygın olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu enfeksiyon yönünden işletmede aşı uygulaması yapılmamış olması ve elde edilen seropozitif sonuçlar akut BVDV enfeksiyon varlığını ortaya koymaktadır. Sığırlar BVDV yönünden rutin olarak incelenmelidir. BHV-1 ve BLV yönünden belirlenen seronegatiflik işletme yönetimi ile açıklanabilir. Tespit edilen negatif sonuçlar işletme açısından olumlu olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, sığırcılık işletmelerinde görülen abort
olaylarında viral etkenlerin de rol oynadığı düşünülmeli ve bu etkenler yönünden düzenli olarak kontrol edilmelidir. Ayrıca virusların neden olabileceği reprodüktif problemler sığır yetiştiriciliğinde her zaman göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır.

Keywords

BVDV, BHV-1, BLV, ELISA, Sığır

References

• 1. Alkan F, Oğuzoğlu TÇ, Timurkan MO, Karapınar Z. 2011. Characterisation of env and gag gene fragments of bovine leukemia viruses (BLVs) from cattle in Turkey. Arch. Virol. 156, 1891-1896.
• 2. Ata A, Kale M, Yavru S, Bulut O, Buyukyoruk U. 2006. The effect of subclinical bovine herpesvirus 1 infection on fertility of cows and heifers. Acta Vet. (Beograd). 56, 267-273.
• 3. Biswas S, Bandyopadhyay S, Dimri U, et al. 2013. Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) - a re- emerging concern in livestock: a revisit to its biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and prophylaxis. Vet. Q. 33, 68-81.
• 4. Brownlie J, Clarke MC, Howard CJ, et al. 1987. Pathogenesis and epidemiology of bovine virus diarrhoea virus infection of cattle. Ann. Rech. Vet. 18, 157-166.
• 5. Calisher CH, Gould EA, 2003. Taxonomy of the virus family Flaviviridae. Adv. Virus Res. 59, 1-19.
• 6. Camargos MF, Feliziani F, De Giuseppe A, et al. 2007. Evaluation of diagnostic tests to bovine leukemia virus. RPCVAR, 102, 169-173.
• 7. Çabalar M, Karaoğlu T, 1999. Comparison of neutralization peroxidase-linked antibody (NPLA) assay and serum neutralization (SN) test for detection of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus in cattle sera. Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg. 46, 249-255.
• 8. Dağalp SB, Alkan F, Çalışkan E, et al. 2012. The investigation of the herpesviruses (BoHV- 1 and BoHV-4) on the occurrence of the reproductive disorders in dairy cattle herds, Turkey. Revue Med. Vet. 163, 4, 206-211.
• 9. Ellis JA, 2009. Update on viral pathogenesis in BRD. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 10, 149-153.
• 10. Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, et al. 2005. Classification and nomenclature of viruses. In: 8th Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA, eds. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press, 981-998.
• 11. Gillet N, Florins A, Boxus M, et al. 2007. Mechanisms of leukemogenesis induced by bovine leukemia virus: prospects for novel anti-retroviral therapies in human. Retrovirology, 16, 4-18.
• 12. Kale M, Yavru S, Ata A, et al. 2011. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in relation to fertility in heifers. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 73, 331-336.
• 13. Lanyon S, Anderson M, Bergman E, et al. 2013. Validation and evaluation of a commercially available ELISA for the detection of antibodies specific to bovine viral diarrhea virus (bovine pestivirus). Aust. Vet. J. 91, 52-56.
• 14. Meas S, Usui T, Ohashi K, et al. 2002. Vertical transmission of bovine leukemia virus and bovine immunodeficiency virus in dairy cattle herds. Vet. Microbiol. 84, 275-282.
• 15. Moennig V, Liess B, 1995. Pathogenesis of intrauterine infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet. Clin. North. Am. 11, 477-487.
• 16. Mweene AS, Fukushi H, Pandey GS, et al. 2003. The prevalence of bovine herpesvirus in traditional cattle in Southern Province, Zambia Rev. Sci. Tech. 22, 873-877.
• 17. Özkul A, Çabalar M, Bilge S, Akça Y, Burgu İ, 1995. Süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde rastlanan IBR/IPV ve BVD virus enfeksiyonlarının infertilite olgularındaki rolü. Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg. 42, 381-387.
• 18. Öztürk D, Kale M, Pehlivanoğlu F, Hasırcıoğlu S, Türütoğlu H, 2012. Evaluation for some bacterial and viral abortions of dairy cattle farms in Burdur district of Turkey. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 18, 255-258.
• 19. Pardon B, De Bleecker K, Dewulf J, et al. 2011. Prevalence of respiratory pathogens in diseased, non-vaccinated, routinely medicated veal calves. Vet. Rec. 169, 278.
• 20. Reimann I, Semmler I, Beer M, 2007. Packaged replicons of bovine viral diarrhea virus are capable of inducing a protective immune response. Virology, 366, 377-386.
• 21. Roizman B, Desroisers RC, Fleckenstein B, et al. 1992. The family herpesviridae: an update. Arch. Virol. 123, 425-449.
• 22. Rodriguez SM, Florins A, Gillet N, et al. 2011. Preventive and therapeutic strategies for bovine leukemia virus: Lessons for HTLV. Viruses, 3, 1210-1248.
• 23. Schoepf KC, Kapaga AM, Msami HM, et al. 1997. Serological evidence of the occurrence of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) virus infection in cattle in Tanzania. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 29, 15- 19.
• 24. Stokstad M, Brownlie J, Collins ME, 2004. Analysis of variation of bovine viral diarrhoea virus E2 sequence following transplacental infection of cattle. Vet. Microbiol. 102, 141-145.
• 25. Wentink GH, Van Oirschot, JT, Verhoef J, 1993. Risk of infection with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV 1): A review. Vet. Quart. 15, 30-33.
• 26. Xia JQ, Yason CV, Kibenge FSB, 1995. Comparison of dot blot hybridization, polymerase chain reaction, and virus isolation for detection of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) in artificially infected bovine semen. Can. J. Vet. Res. 59, 102-109.
• 27. Yamane D, Nagai M, Ogawa Y, et al. 2005. Enhancement of apoptosis via an extrinsic factor, TNF-a, in cells infected with cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus. Microbes. Infect. 7, 1482-1491.
• 28. Zemke J, Knig P, Mischkale K, et al. 2010. Novel BVDV-2 mutants as new candidates for modified-live vaccines. Vet. Microbiol. 142, 69-80.