ON DOKUZUNCU ASIR TÜRKİSTAN TÜRKLERİNİN KÜLTÜRLERİ, KARAKTERLERİ VE GÖRÜNTÜLERİ HAKKINDA AVRUPALILARIN GÖRÜŞLERİ

Yıl 2008, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 20, 271 - 296, 01.10.2008

Memet Yetişgin

Öz

On dokuzuncu yüzyılda Türkistana yönelik yabancı ilgisi oldukça yoğundu. Bunun en önemli nedeni Rus yayılmacılığı ile İngiliz-Rus rekabeti idi. Bölgeye yönelik yabancı gözlemci ve gezginlerinin sayısında büyük artış sağlanmıştı. Amaçları farklı olsa da bu gözlemciler bölge üzerinde geniş bilgiler kaleme aldılar. Bunların ortaya koydukları bilgiler bölgenin sosyal, siyasi ve kültürel yapısı hakkında önemli bilgiler sunmuştur. Yabancıların açıklamalarında bölgede yaşayan Türklerin kendi çevrelerine mükemmel uyum sağladığı, kendi kendilerine yeten bir seviyede kültürel ve ekonomik zenginlik gösterdiği görülmüştür. Ancak, yetersiz bilgilere ve tecrübeye sahip olan birçok gözlemcinin ortaya koyduğu bilgiler bölgenin gerçek yapısını açıklamada kısır kalmıştır. Bununla birlikte, yabancıların Türkistan hakkındaki gözlemleri, tarihçiler ve diğer araştırmacılar için önemli esin ve bilgi kaynağı olmuştur

Anahtar Kelimeler

Türkler, Türkistan, Kültür, Rusya, Türkmenler, Orta Asya

ACCOUNTS OF THE EUROPEANS ON THE CULTURE, CHARACTER AND APPEARANCE OF THE TURKS OF TURKISTAN IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Öz

Foreign interest toward Turkistan was intensive in the nineteenth century. In this, Russian expansion and Anglo-Russian rivalry played important role. Number of the foreign observers and travelers to the region sustained great rise. Despite different goals, these observers inked large works. These works have presented important information about social, political and cultural aspects of the region. As the foreign sources reflected, the Turks of Turkistan had perfectly adopted to their environment, developed good enough economical and cultural wealth to go on living. However, because of shallow knowledge that the foreign observers had about the region, sources failed to present the whole picture. Despite all weaknesses, foreign sources had inspired historians and others to write about the region.

Anahtar Kelimeler

The Turks, Turkistan, Russia, Culture, Turkmen, Central Asia.

Kaynakça

• Alder, Lory and Richard Dalby, The Dervish of Windsor Castle: The Life of Arminius Vambery. London: Bachman & Turner, 1979.
• “An Indian Officer,” Russia’s March Towards India, vol. 1, London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1894.
• Altay, Mutlu, Türkler İçin Ne Diyorlar? Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü, 1984.
• Bacon, Elizabeth E. Central Asia under Russian Rule: A Study in Culture Change, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Pres, 1966.
• Bacon, Elizabeth. “Soviet Policy in Turkestan,” Middle East Journal, volume 1 (1947), 383-391.
• Bateson, William. Letters from the Steppe Written in the Years 1886-1887, London: Methuen, 1929.
• Barthold, V. V. Four Studies on the History of Central Asia. Trans. By V. and T. Minorsky. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1956
• Bennigsen, Alexandre and Marie Broxup, The Islamic Threat to the Soviet State, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1983.
• Burnaby, Fred. A Ride to Khiva: Travels and Adventures in Central Asia, New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1883.
• Caroe, Olaf, Soviet Empire: The Turks of Central Asia and Stalinism, London: MacMillan, 1967.
• Curzon, George N. Russia in Central Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian Question, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1889.
• De Blocqueville, Henry C. Turkmenler Arasında, translated by Riza Akdemir, Ankara: Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 1986.
• De Calvijo, Ruy Gonzalez. Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo to the Court of Timour at Samarcand, 1403-06, Translated by Clements R. Markham, London: the Hakluyt Society, 1859.
• Dobson, George. Russia’s Railway Advance into Central Asia: Notes of a Journey from St. Petersburg to Samarkand, London: W.H. Allen, 1890.
• Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, Volume 215–April 22, 1873.
• Hedin, Sven. My Life as an Explorer, translated by Afghild Huebsch, New York: Garden City Publishing Co., 1925.
• Hellwald, Frederick von. The Russians in Central Asia: A Critical Examination down to the Present (1874) Time of the Geography and History of Central Asia, Translated from the German by Theodore Wirgman, London: Henry S. King & Co., 1874.
• Hopkirk, Peter. The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia, London: Kodansha International, 1992.
• Huntington, Ellsworth. The Pulse of Asia: A Journey in Central Asia Illustrating the Geographic Basis of History, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1907.
• Huntington, Ellsworth. Mainsprings of Civilization, New York: the New American Library, 1945.
• Loti, Pierre, Türkler Üzerine Makaleler, translator Betil Önuçak, İstanbul: Der Yayınları, 1995.
• Kafesoğlu, İbrahim. Türk Millî Kültürü, İstanbul: Boğaziçi Yayınları, 1988.
• Marvin, Charles. The Eye-witnesses’ Account of the Disastrous Russian Campaign against the Akhal Tekke Turcomans, London: W. H. Allen & Co., 1880.
• Marvin, Charles. The Russians at Merv and Herat, and Their Power of Invading India, London: W. H. Allen & Co., 1883.
• O’Donovan, Edmond. The Merv Oasis: Travels and Adventures East of the Caspian During the Years 1879-80-81, Including Five Month’s Residence among the Tekke of Merv, London, 1882.
• Ortaylı, İlber. İmparatorluğun en Uzun Yüzyılı, İstanbul: İlteişim Yayınları, 2005.
• Pratt, Mary Louise. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation, London and New York: Routledge, 1992.
• M. Romanovski, Notes on the Central Asian Question, Calcutta: Office of Superintendent of Government Printing, 1870
• Said, Edward W. Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books, 1979.
• Schuyler, Eugene. Turkistan: Notes of Journey in Russian Turkistan, Kokand, Bukhara and Kuldja, New York: Frederich A. Praeger, 1966.
• Shoemaker, M. M. Trans-Caspia: The Sealed Provinces of The Czar, Cincinnati: The Robert Clarke Company, 1895.
• Shandeo, Jeff. “Empires of Memories: Conquest and Civilization in Imperial Russian Tashkent,” Canadian Slavonic Papers, Mar-Jun 2004.
• Smyth, Warington W. A Year with the Turks or Scetches of Travel in the European and Asiatic Dominions of the Sultan. New York: Redfield, 1854.
• “Some Truths about Russia,” Fortnightly Review, 52 (July-December 1889), p. 280-289.
• Terentyef, M. A. Russia and England in Central Asia, Trans. by F. C. Daukes, volume 1, Calcutta: The Foreign Department Press, 1876.
• “The Merv Oasis,” Edinburgh Review, volume 157 (January 1883), p. 205-227.
• Togan, A. Zeki Velidi. Bugünkü Türkili (Türkistan) ve Yakın Tarihi, İstanbul: Arkadaş, İbrahim Horoz ve Güven Basımevleri, 1942-1947.
• Vambery, Arminius. Sketches of Central Asia, London: Pall Mall, 1868.
• Vambery, Arminius. The Coming Struggle for India, London: Cassell & Co., 1885.
• Vambery, Arminius. “The Transcaspian Railway,” Fortnightly Review, volume 41 (January-June 1887), 294-311.
• Yemelianova, Galina. Russia and Islam: A Historical Survey, Palgrave, 2002.
• Yetişgin, Memet. “Russia’s Ruthless Behavior Against the Turkmens in Central Asia,” Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, sa. 149 (Mart-Nisan 2004), p. 223-240.
• Younghusband, Sir Francis. The Heart of A Continent, London: John Murray, 1937 Z., Y. From Moscow to Samarkand, London: Virginia Woolf, 1934