Araştırma Makalesi
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Ethnic Identity Construction of Young Turkish Muslims in Britain

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 727 - 747, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.1009354

Öz

This paper examines how young Turkish Muslims in Britain construct their ethnic identity by looking at their relationships with their families, the Turkish community, the host society, and their religious attitudes and practices. The focus of this study is certainly young Turkish Muslims who have been relatively ignored in multicultural British society. By the youth, I refer to the generation who were born in or arrived in Britain at an early age, who live in two different cultural spaces, who are more open to social and cultural changes in their everyday lives — particularly through school, college, and other institutions — than their parents, and who thus construct their ethnic identities through two ‘geopolitical dimensions’: ‘inside-out’ and the ‘outside-in’. This means that the identity process is built, not just in relation to individuals’ relationships with their family, inside the community, and so on, but also in relation to outsiders’ attitudes, treatments, and perceptions. What is important to grasp here is that there is a dynamic interaction from the inside-out and the outside-in. Britain allows one to better explore the effects of these two dimensions on the ethnic identity construction of young Turks. On the one hand, it is home to many social, cultural, political, and religious organisations which are promoted by Turkish communities to circulate and strengthen their identity. On the other hand, it also enables those young people to have relations with the wider society, especially the majority group. Thus, their identity negotiations are influenced both by internal and external forces.
A review of the literature demonstrates three primary deficiencies. Firstly, the past research conducted on the issue of young Turkish Muslims’ ethnic identity in Britain is few and far between. Secondly, these studies have overlooked either the internal or external dynamics of that community which significantly influence ethnic identity construction in younger generations. Lastly, these studies, except one, are now over twenty years old. By focusing on the views, feelings, and experiences of young Turkish Muslims in Britain in relation to their families, the Turkish community, the host society, and their religious attitudes and practices, this paper aims to fill these gaps in the literature.
This article draws on semi-structured in-depth interviews with young Turkish Muslims who were born in or who arrived in Britain at an early age. Interviews were conducted in London and Bristol between 2016 and 2018 with 14 young Turks and, ranging in age from eighteen to thirty years. I also conducted unstructured interviews with 3 older Turkish people who gave information about the Turkish communities existing in Bristol. The interviews were sampled using the snowball technique, which served the purpose of accessing the participants and establishing trustworthy relations with them. To facilitate the coding of the transcripts, I used NVivo. I employed thematic analysis to identify and analyse patterns of meaning in the dataset.
The findings of the research show that the ethnic identity construction of young Turkish Muslims has taken place on a tension line that arises between their own culture and the dominant culture. Most of my young respondents are aware of their ethnic identities and the cultural, social, and religious values which are the building blocks of their identities. Their relationships with the family, Turkish community, friends, and the host society, and their religious attitudes and practices have positively influenced the construction and maintenance of their ethnic identities. In this respect, this study makes a significant contribution to the literature on the ethnic identity formation of young Turkish Muslims in Britain.

Kaynakça

  • Barth, Fredrik. “Introduction”. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organisation of Culture Difference. ed. Fredrik Barth. 9-38. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1969.
  • Bauman, Zygmunt. “From Pilgrim to Tourist - or a Short History of Identity”. Questions of Cultural Identity. eds. Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay. 18-36. SAGE Publications, 1996.
  • Baumann, Gerd. The Multicultural Riddle: Rethinking National, Ethnic, and Religious Identities. London: Routledge, 1999.
  • Braun, V. and Clarke, V. “Using thematic analysis in psychology”. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3/2 (2006), 77-101.
  • Çelik, Çetin. “Having a German passport will not make me German: reactive ethnicity and oppositional identity among disadvantaged male Turkish second-generation youth in Germany”. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38/9 (2015), 1646-1662.
  • Çelik, Çetin. “Disadvantaged, but morally superior: ethnic boundary making strategies of second-generation male Turkish immigrant youth in Germany”. Global Studies in Culture and Power, 25/6 (2017), 705-723.
  • Communities and Local Government. The Turkish and Turkish Cypriot Muslim Community in England: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities. Change Institute, 2009.
  • Cornell, Stephen and Hartmann, Douglas. Ethnicity and Race: Making Indetities in a Changing World. London: Pine Forge Press, 1998.
  • De Jong, J., and Duyvendak, J. W. “Claiming the right to belong: de-stigmatisation strategies among Turkish-Dutch Muslims”. Identities, (2021), 1-21.
  • Doody, O. and Noonan, M. “Preparing and conducting interviews to collect data”. Nurse Researcher, 20/5 (2013), 28-32.
  • Durkheim, Emile. The Division of Labor in Society. New York: The Free Press, 1997.
  • Enneli, Pınar. Turkish-Speaking Young People in North London: A Case of Diversity and Disadvantage. University of Bristol. PhD Thesis, 2001.
  • Enneli, Pınar, Modood, Tariq, and Bradley, Harriet. Young Turks and Kurds: A set of ‘invisible’ disadvantaged groups. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2005.
  • Faas, Daniel. “Young Turks in England and Germany: an exploration of their identity formation and perceptions of Europe”. Turks in Europe: Culture, Identity and Integration. eds. Talip Kucukcan and Veyis Gungor. 155-183. Turkevi Research Centre, 2009.
  • Fenton, Steve. Ethnicity: Key Concepts. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010
  • Geertz, Clifford. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
  • Gordon, R., Heim, D., and MacAskill, S. “Rethinking drinking cultures: A review of drinking cultures and a reconstructed dimensional approach”. Public health, 126/1 (2012), 3-11.
  • Hammersley, Martyn and Atkinson, Paul. Ethnography: principles in practice. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2007.
  • Jenkins, Richard. Rethinking Ethnicity: Arguments and Explorations. 2nd ed. Sage Publications, 2008.
  • Joffe, H., & Yardley, L. “Content and Thematic Analysis”. Research Methods for Clinical and Health Psychology. eds. David F. Marks & Lucy Yardley. 56-68. London: SAGE Publications, 2004.
  • Jones, A. Elisabeth. Language, Culture and Identity: the achievement and aspirations of Turkish, Kurdish and Turkish Cypriot Girls in North London Secondary Schools. PhD Thesis. University of Reading, 2008.
  • Kucukcan, Talip. Politics of Ethnicity, Identity and Religion: Turkish Muslims in Britain. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999.
  • Kucukcan, Talip. “Turks in Britain: Religion and Identity”. Turks in Europe: Culture, Identity and Integration. ed. Talip Kucukcan and Veyis Gungor. 79-102. Turkevi Research Centre, 2009.
  • Lamont, M., and N. Mizrachi. “Ordinary People Doing Extraordinary Things: Responses to Stigmatization in Comparative Perspective.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35/3 (2012), 365–381.
  • Leloup, Fabienne. “Migration, a complex phenomenon”. International Journal of Anthropology 11/2-4 (1996), 101-115.
  • Maleševic´, S. The Sociology of Ethnicity. London: SAGE Publications, 2004.
  • Markstrom-Adams, C. “A Consideration of Intervening Factors in Adolescent Identity Formation”. Adolescence Identity Formation. eds. Gerald R. Adams, Thomas P. Gullotta and Raymond Monternayor. 173-192. USA: Sage Publications, 1992.
  • Meer, Nasar. Key Concepts: Race and Ethnicity. London: SAGE Publications, 2014.
  • Modood, Tariq. Multiculturalism: A Civic Idea. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013.
  • Modood, Tariq, Richard Berthoud, Jane Lakey, James Nazroo, Patten Smith, Satnam Virdee, and Sharon Beishon. Ethnic minorities in Britain: diversity and disadvantage. No. 843. Policy Studies Institute, 1997.
  • Modood, Tariq and Khattab, Nabil. Explaining Ethnic Differences: Can Ethnic Minority Strategies Reduce the Effects of Ethnic Penalties? Sociology, 50/2 (2016), 231-246.
  • Niessen, Jan and Huddleston, Thomas. “Legal Frameworks for the Integration of Third-Country Nationals”. Series: Immigration and Asylum Law and Policy in Europe. 18 (2009).
  • Parsons, Talcott. “Some theoretical considerations on the nature and trends of change of ethnicity”. Ethnicity: Theory and Experience. eds. N. Glazer and D. P. Moynihan. 53-83. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975.
  • Phinney, Jean S. and Rosenthal, D. A. “Ethnic Identity in Adolescence: Process, Context, and Outcome”. Adolescent Identity Formation. eds. G. R. Adams, T. P. Gullotin and R. Montemayor. 145-172. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1992.
  • Phinney, Jean S. Horenczyk, G., Liebkind, K. and Vedder P. “Ethnic Identity, Immigration, and Well-Being: An Interactional Perspective”. Journal of Social Issues. 57/3 (2001), 493-510.
  • Portes, A., and Rubén G. Rumbaut. Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
  • Ritchie, J., Spencer, L., and O’Connor, W. “Carrying out Qualitative Analysis”. Qualitative Research Practice. eds. Jane Ritchie & Jane Lewis. 219-262. London: SAGE Publications, 2003.
  • Rumbaut, R. G. “Sites of Belonging: Acculturation, Discrimination, and Ethnic Identity among Children of Immigrants”. Discovering Successful Pathways in Children’s Development: Mixed methods in the Study of Childhood and Family Life. ed. Thomas S. Weiner. 111-164. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
  • Simsek, Dogus. Identity Formation of Cypriot Turkish, Kurdish and Turkish Young People in London in a Transnational Context. City, University of London. PhD Thesis, 2012.
  • Shils, E. “Primordial, Personal, Sacred and Civil Ties”. British Journal of Sociology. 8 (1957), 130-145.
  • Silva, T. H., de Melo, P. O. V., Almeida, J. M., Musolesi, M., and Loureiro, A. A. “You are what you eat (and drink): Identifying cultural boundaries by analyzing food and drink habits in foursquare”. Eighth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, 2014.
  • Smith, Anthony D. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Basic Blackwell, 1986.
  • Song, Miri. Choosing Ethnic Identity. Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
  • Thompson, R. Theories of Ethnicity: A Critical Appraisal. New York: Greenwood Press, 1989.
  • Van Tubergen, F. “Religious affiliation and participation among immigrants in a secular society: a study among immigrants in the Netherlands”. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 33 (2007), 747–765.
  • Waters, Mary C. Ethnicity Options: Choosing Identities in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
  • Weber, Max. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. 2nd ed. London: University of California Press. 1978.
  • Wimmer, A. “The Making and Unmaking of Ethnic Boundaries: A Multilevel Process Theory.” American Journal of Sociology, 113/4 (2008), 970–1022.
  • Witte, N. “Responses to stigmatisation and boundary making: destigmatisation strategies of Turks in Germany”. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 44/9 (2018), 1425-1443.
  • Yalcın, Cemal. Ethnic Identities in Action: The Experience of Turkish Young People in London. London: University of Surrey. PhD Thesis, 2000.

İngiltere’deki Müslüman Türk Gençlerinin Etnik Kimlik İnşası

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 727 - 747, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.1009354

Öz

Bu makale, İngiltere’deki Müslüman Türk gençlerinin aileleri, Türk toplumu, ev sahibi toplum ile olan ilişkilerinin ve dini tutum ve uygulamalarının etnik kimliklerine olan etkisini araştırır. Bu çalışmanın odak noktası çok kültürlü İngiliz toplumunda diğer azınlık gruplarına nazaran göz ardı edilen Müslüman Türk gençleridir. Gençlik ile kastettiğim İngiltere’de doğan veya İngiltere’ye erken yaşlarda gelen, iki farklı kültürel çevrede yaşayan, özellikle okul, kolej ve diğer kurumlar aracığıyla günlük yaşamlarında ebeveynlerinden daha çok sosyal ve kültürel değişimlere açık olan ve etnik kimliklerini ‘içten dışa’ ve ‘dıştan içe’ olmak üzere iki ‘jeopolitik boyut’ aracılığıyla inşa eden bireylerdir. Bu, kimlik sürecinin bireylerin yalnızca aileleriyle, kendi etnik gruplarıyla vb. olan ilişkileriyle değil, aynı zamanda dışarıdakilerin tutumları, davranışları ve algılarıyla ilgili olarak inşa edildiği anlamına gelir. Burada üzerinde durulması gereken husus, içeriden dışarıya ve dışarıdan içeriye dinamik bir etkileşimin olduğudur. İngiltere, bu iki boyutun genç Türklerin etnik kimlik inşası üzerindeki etkilerinin daha iyi araştırılmasına imkan sağlıyor. İngiltere, bir yandan, Türk topluluklarının gençlerin kimliklerini sürdürmelerini ve güçlendirmelerini sağlamak amacıyla organize ettikleri çok sayıda sosyal, kültürel, siyasi ve dini kuruluşa ev sahipliği yaparken, öte yandan, bu gençlerin daha geniş toplumla, özellikle çoğunluk grubu ile ilişki kurmasını sağlar. Bu, kimlik müzakerelerinin hem iç hem de dış etkenlerden etkilendiğini göstermektedir.
Önceki çalışmalarla ilgili inceleme literatürde üç temel eksikliği ortaya çıkarmaktadır. İlk olarak, İngiltere’deki Müslüman Türk gençlerinin etnik kimliğine dair geçmişte yapılan araştırmalar çok azdır. İkinci olarak, bu çalışmalar genç nesillerde etnik kimlik inşasını önemli ölçüde etkileyen o topluluğun iç veya dış dinamiklerini gözden kaçırmıştır. Son olarak, biri hariç bu çalışmaların üzerinden yaklaşık yirmi yıl geçmiştir. Bu çalışma, İngiltere’deki Müslüman Türk gençlerinin aileleri, Türk toplumu, arkadaşları ve ev sahibi toplumla ilişkileri ve, dini tutum ve uygulamalarına dair görüş, duygu ve tecrübelerinden yararlanarak literatürdeki bu boşlukları doldurmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Bu makale, İngiltere’de doğan veya İngiltere'ye erken yaşta gelen Müslüman Türk gençleri ile yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine görüşmelere dayanmaktadır. 201 -2018 yılları arasında Londra ve Bristol'de yaşları on sekiz ile otuz arasında değişen 14 genç Türk ile görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Ayrıca Bristol'de yaşayan Türk toplulukları hakkında bilgi veren 3 yaşlı Türk ile yapılandırılmamış görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Görüşmeler, katılımcılara ulaşma ve onlarla güvenilir ilişkiler kurma amacına hizmet eden kartopu tekniği kullanılarak örneklenmiştir. Transkriptlerin kodlanmasını kolaylaştırmak için NVivo kullanılmıştır. Veri setindeki anlam kalıplarını belirlemek ve analiz etmek için tematik analiz kullanılmıştır.
Araştırmanın bulguları, Müslüman Türk gençlerinin etnik kimlik inşasının kendi kültürleri ile hakim kültür arasında oluşan bir gerilim hattına yerleştirildiğini göstermektedir. Gençlerin çoğu etnik kimliklerinin ve kimliklerinin yapı taşları olan kültürel, sosyal ve dini değerlerin farkındadırlar. Aileleri, Türk toplumu, arkadaşları ve ev sahibi toplumla ilişkileri, dini tutum ve uygulamaları etnik kimliklerinin inşasını ve sürdürülmesini olumlu olarak etkilemiştir. Bu açıdan bu çalışma, İngiltere'deki Müslüman Türk gençlerinin etnik kimlik oluşumuna ilişkin literatüre özgün bir katkı sağlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Barth, Fredrik. “Introduction”. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organisation of Culture Difference. ed. Fredrik Barth. 9-38. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1969.
  • Bauman, Zygmunt. “From Pilgrim to Tourist - or a Short History of Identity”. Questions of Cultural Identity. eds. Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay. 18-36. SAGE Publications, 1996.
  • Baumann, Gerd. The Multicultural Riddle: Rethinking National, Ethnic, and Religious Identities. London: Routledge, 1999.
  • Braun, V. and Clarke, V. “Using thematic analysis in psychology”. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3/2 (2006), 77-101.
  • Çelik, Çetin. “Having a German passport will not make me German: reactive ethnicity and oppositional identity among disadvantaged male Turkish second-generation youth in Germany”. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38/9 (2015), 1646-1662.
  • Çelik, Çetin. “Disadvantaged, but morally superior: ethnic boundary making strategies of second-generation male Turkish immigrant youth in Germany”. Global Studies in Culture and Power, 25/6 (2017), 705-723.
  • Communities and Local Government. The Turkish and Turkish Cypriot Muslim Community in England: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities. Change Institute, 2009.
  • Cornell, Stephen and Hartmann, Douglas. Ethnicity and Race: Making Indetities in a Changing World. London: Pine Forge Press, 1998.
  • De Jong, J., and Duyvendak, J. W. “Claiming the right to belong: de-stigmatisation strategies among Turkish-Dutch Muslims”. Identities, (2021), 1-21.
  • Doody, O. and Noonan, M. “Preparing and conducting interviews to collect data”. Nurse Researcher, 20/5 (2013), 28-32.
  • Durkheim, Emile. The Division of Labor in Society. New York: The Free Press, 1997.
  • Enneli, Pınar. Turkish-Speaking Young People in North London: A Case of Diversity and Disadvantage. University of Bristol. PhD Thesis, 2001.
  • Enneli, Pınar, Modood, Tariq, and Bradley, Harriet. Young Turks and Kurds: A set of ‘invisible’ disadvantaged groups. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2005.
  • Faas, Daniel. “Young Turks in England and Germany: an exploration of their identity formation and perceptions of Europe”. Turks in Europe: Culture, Identity and Integration. eds. Talip Kucukcan and Veyis Gungor. 155-183. Turkevi Research Centre, 2009.
  • Fenton, Steve. Ethnicity: Key Concepts. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010
  • Geertz, Clifford. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
  • Gordon, R., Heim, D., and MacAskill, S. “Rethinking drinking cultures: A review of drinking cultures and a reconstructed dimensional approach”. Public health, 126/1 (2012), 3-11.
  • Hammersley, Martyn and Atkinson, Paul. Ethnography: principles in practice. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2007.
  • Jenkins, Richard. Rethinking Ethnicity: Arguments and Explorations. 2nd ed. Sage Publications, 2008.
  • Joffe, H., & Yardley, L. “Content and Thematic Analysis”. Research Methods for Clinical and Health Psychology. eds. David F. Marks & Lucy Yardley. 56-68. London: SAGE Publications, 2004.
  • Jones, A. Elisabeth. Language, Culture and Identity: the achievement and aspirations of Turkish, Kurdish and Turkish Cypriot Girls in North London Secondary Schools. PhD Thesis. University of Reading, 2008.
  • Kucukcan, Talip. Politics of Ethnicity, Identity and Religion: Turkish Muslims in Britain. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999.
  • Kucukcan, Talip. “Turks in Britain: Religion and Identity”. Turks in Europe: Culture, Identity and Integration. ed. Talip Kucukcan and Veyis Gungor. 79-102. Turkevi Research Centre, 2009.
  • Lamont, M., and N. Mizrachi. “Ordinary People Doing Extraordinary Things: Responses to Stigmatization in Comparative Perspective.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35/3 (2012), 365–381.
  • Leloup, Fabienne. “Migration, a complex phenomenon”. International Journal of Anthropology 11/2-4 (1996), 101-115.
  • Maleševic´, S. The Sociology of Ethnicity. London: SAGE Publications, 2004.
  • Markstrom-Adams, C. “A Consideration of Intervening Factors in Adolescent Identity Formation”. Adolescence Identity Formation. eds. Gerald R. Adams, Thomas P. Gullotta and Raymond Monternayor. 173-192. USA: Sage Publications, 1992.
  • Meer, Nasar. Key Concepts: Race and Ethnicity. London: SAGE Publications, 2014.
  • Modood, Tariq. Multiculturalism: A Civic Idea. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013.
  • Modood, Tariq, Richard Berthoud, Jane Lakey, James Nazroo, Patten Smith, Satnam Virdee, and Sharon Beishon. Ethnic minorities in Britain: diversity and disadvantage. No. 843. Policy Studies Institute, 1997.
  • Modood, Tariq and Khattab, Nabil. Explaining Ethnic Differences: Can Ethnic Minority Strategies Reduce the Effects of Ethnic Penalties? Sociology, 50/2 (2016), 231-246.
  • Niessen, Jan and Huddleston, Thomas. “Legal Frameworks for the Integration of Third-Country Nationals”. Series: Immigration and Asylum Law and Policy in Europe. 18 (2009).
  • Parsons, Talcott. “Some theoretical considerations on the nature and trends of change of ethnicity”. Ethnicity: Theory and Experience. eds. N. Glazer and D. P. Moynihan. 53-83. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975.
  • Phinney, Jean S. and Rosenthal, D. A. “Ethnic Identity in Adolescence: Process, Context, and Outcome”. Adolescent Identity Formation. eds. G. R. Adams, T. P. Gullotin and R. Montemayor. 145-172. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1992.
  • Phinney, Jean S. Horenczyk, G., Liebkind, K. and Vedder P. “Ethnic Identity, Immigration, and Well-Being: An Interactional Perspective”. Journal of Social Issues. 57/3 (2001), 493-510.
  • Portes, A., and Rubén G. Rumbaut. Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
  • Ritchie, J., Spencer, L., and O’Connor, W. “Carrying out Qualitative Analysis”. Qualitative Research Practice. eds. Jane Ritchie & Jane Lewis. 219-262. London: SAGE Publications, 2003.
  • Rumbaut, R. G. “Sites of Belonging: Acculturation, Discrimination, and Ethnic Identity among Children of Immigrants”. Discovering Successful Pathways in Children’s Development: Mixed methods in the Study of Childhood and Family Life. ed. Thomas S. Weiner. 111-164. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
  • Simsek, Dogus. Identity Formation of Cypriot Turkish, Kurdish and Turkish Young People in London in a Transnational Context. City, University of London. PhD Thesis, 2012.
  • Shils, E. “Primordial, Personal, Sacred and Civil Ties”. British Journal of Sociology. 8 (1957), 130-145.
  • Silva, T. H., de Melo, P. O. V., Almeida, J. M., Musolesi, M., and Loureiro, A. A. “You are what you eat (and drink): Identifying cultural boundaries by analyzing food and drink habits in foursquare”. Eighth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, 2014.
  • Smith, Anthony D. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Basic Blackwell, 1986.
  • Song, Miri. Choosing Ethnic Identity. Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
  • Thompson, R. Theories of Ethnicity: A Critical Appraisal. New York: Greenwood Press, 1989.
  • Van Tubergen, F. “Religious affiliation and participation among immigrants in a secular society: a study among immigrants in the Netherlands”. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 33 (2007), 747–765.
  • Waters, Mary C. Ethnicity Options: Choosing Identities in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
  • Weber, Max. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. 2nd ed. London: University of California Press. 1978.
  • Wimmer, A. “The Making and Unmaking of Ethnic Boundaries: A Multilevel Process Theory.” American Journal of Sociology, 113/4 (2008), 970–1022.
  • Witte, N. “Responses to stigmatisation and boundary making: destigmatisation strategies of Turks in Germany”. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 44/9 (2018), 1425-1443.
  • Yalcın, Cemal. Ethnic Identities in Action: The Experience of Turkish Young People in London. London: University of Surrey. PhD Thesis, 2000.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Muhammed Babacan 0000-0002-8845-4677

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Aralık 2021
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2021
Kabul Tarihi 24 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Babacan, Muhammed. “Ethnic Identity Construction of Young Turkish Muslims in Britain”. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi 21/2 (Aralık 2021), 727-747. https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.1009354.