Intervention to mental illness stigmatization in the community

Abstract

Stigmatization of mental illness can cause reduced access to health care services. The majority of people with mental illness do not seek help, therefore the stigma of mental illness is considered a barrier to seeking appropriate treatment. Different interventions are presented with the aim of correcting negative attitudes and beliefs concerning stigma. These interventions have different outcomes, some of them have temporarily made new awareness possible, however, in most cases positive attitudes against mental illness stigmatization or discrimination rarely develop. In this narrative review, anti-stigmatization interventions and program methods will be mentioned according to some local experiences.

Keywords

• Stigma
• Interventions
• Social contact
• Community based strategies

References

1. Thornicroft G. Shunned: Discrimination against people with mental illness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
2. Evans-Lacko S, Courtin E, Fiorillo A, et al. The state of the art in European research on reducing social exclusion and stigma related to mental health: a systematic mapping of the literature. Eur Psychiatry 2014; 29: 381-9. doi: 10.1016/j. eurpsy.2014.02.007
3. Yang L, Cho SH, Kleinman A. Stigma of mental illness. In: Patel V, Woodward A, Feigin V, Quah SR, Heggenhougen K, eds. Mental and Neurological Public Health: A Global Perspective. Boston: Elsevier, 2010.
4. Yamaguchi S, Wu SI, Biswas M, et al. Eff ects of short-term interventions to reduce mental health-related stigma in university or college students: a systematic review. J Nerv Ment Dis 2013; 201: 490-503. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e31829480df
5. Mansouri N, Gharaee B, Shariat SV, et al. The change in attitude and knowledge of health care personnel and general population following trainings provided during integration of mental health in Primary Health Care in Iran: a systematic review. Int J Ment Health Syst 2009; 3:15. doi: 10.1186/1752- 4458-3-15.
6. Corrigan PW, Morris SB, Michaels PJ, Rafacz JD, Rüsch N. Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: a metaanalysis of outcome studies. Psychiatr Serv 2012; 63: 963-73. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201100529.
7. Jorm AF, Kitchener BA, O’Kearney R, Dear KB. Mental health fi rst aid training of the public in a rural area: a cluster randomized trial [ISRCTN53887541]. BMC Psychiatry 2004; 4: 33. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-4-33.
8. Kitchener BA, Jorm AF. Mental health fi rst aid training in a workplace setting: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN13249129]. BMC Psychiatry 2004; 4: 23. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-4-23.

9. Gulliver A, Griffi ths KM, Christensen H, et al. Internet-based interventions to promote mental health help-seeking in elite athletes: an exploratory randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2012; 14: e69. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1864
10. Jorm AF, Christensen H, Griffi ths KM. The impact of beyondblue: the national depression initiative on the Australian public’s recognition of depression and beliefs about treatments. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2005; 39: 248-54. doi: 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01561.x.
11. Thornicroft C, Wyllie A, Thornicroft G, Mehta N. Impact of the “Like Minds, Like Mine” anti-stigma and discrimination campaign in New Zealand on anticipated and experienced discrimination. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2014; 48: 360-70. doi: 10.1177/000.486.7413512687
12. Rüsch N, Xu Z. Strategies to reduce mental illness stigma. In: Gaebel W, Roessler W, Sartorius N, eds., The Stigma of Mental Illness – End of the Story? Switzerland:Springer International Publishing, 2017:451.
13. Stuart H. Sartorius N. Opening Doors: The global programme to fight stigma and discrimination because of schizophrenia. In: Gaebel W, Roessler W, Sartorius N, eds. The Stigma of Mental Illness – End of the Story? Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2017.
14. Robertson J. See me Scotland case study. In: Gaebel W, Roessler W, Sartorius N, eds. The Stigma of Mental Illness – End of the Story? Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2017.
15. Cunningham R. Peterson D, Collings S. Like Minds, Like Mine: Seventeen years of countering stigma and discrimination against people with experience of mental distress in New Zealand. The Stigma of Mental Illness – End of the Story? Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2017:263.
16. Harman G, Heath J, Australian country perspective: the work of beyond blue and SANE Australia. In: Gaebel W, Roessler W, Sartorius N, eds. The Stigma of Mental Illness – End of the Story? Switzerland:Springer International Publishing. 2017.
17. Stuart H. Reducing the stigma of mental health, global mental health. 2016; 3, e17, 1-14. doi: 10.1017/gmh.2016.11
18. Corrigan PW, Morris SB, Michaels PJ, Rafacz JD, Rüsch N. Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: a metaanalysis of outcome studies. Psychiatr Serv 2012; 63, 963-73. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201100529
19. Moll S, Patten S, Stuart H, Kirsh B, MacDermid J. Beyond Silence: protocol for a randomized parallel-group trial comparing two approaches to workplace mental health education for healthcare employees. BMC Med Educ 2015;15: 78. doi:10.1186/s12909.015.0363-9
20. Hocking B. Stigma watch: Tackling stigma against mental illness and suicide in the media: A SANE report. Australia: SANE, 2013.
21. Corker E, Hamilton S, Henderson C, et al. Experiences of discrimination among people using mental health services in England 2008-11. Br J Psychiatr 2013; 202: S58-63. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.112912
22. Brohan E, Clement S, Rose D, Sartorius N, Slade M, Thornicroft G. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC). Psychiatry Res 2013; 208: 33-40. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.03.007
23. World Health Organization. Stop exclusion. Dare to care. Geneva:World Health Organization, 2001.
24. Pettigrew TF, Tropp LR, Wagner U, Christ O. Recent advances in intergroup contact theory. Int J Intercult Relat 2011; 35: 271-80. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.03.001
25. Pettigrew TF, Tropp LR. A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. J Pers Soc Psychol 2006; 90: 751-83. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751.
26. Kolodziej ME, Johnson BT. Interpersonal contact and acceptance of persons with psychiatric disorders: a research synthesis. J Consult Clin Psychol 1996; 64: 1387-96. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.64.6.1387
27. Arkar H, Eker D. Infl uence of having a hospitalized mentally ill member in the family on attitudes toward mental patients in Turkey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1992; 27: 151-5. doi:10.1007/BF00788762.
28. Schomerus G, Angermeyer MC. Stigma and its impact on helpseeking for mental disorders: what do we know? Epidemiol Psychiatr Soc 2008; 17: 31-7. doi:10.1017/s1121189x00002669
29. Thornicroft G. Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care. Epidemiol Psychiatr Soc 2008; 17: 14-9. doi:10.1017/s1121189x00002621
30. Hawton K, Casañas I Comabella C, Haw C, Saunders K. Risk factors for suicide in individuals with depression: a systematic review. J Aff Ect Disord 2013; 147: 17-28. doi:10.1016/j. jad.2013.01.004.
31. Republic of Turkey National Mental Health Policy. The Ministry of Health of Türkiye General Directorate of Primary Health Care. Ankara: Ministry of Health, 2006.