Free radicals, whey proteins and colorectal cancer

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1, 1 - 6, 30.09.2015

A. Suha Yalçın Wafi Attaallah Ayşe Mine Yılmaz A. Özdemir Aktan

https://doi.org/10.5472/MMJ.2013.03144.0

Cited By: 1

Öz

Evidence that has accumulated for many years suggests that diet is
an important environmental factor in the etiology of colorectal
cancers. Epidemiological data generally support the association
between total energy intake, high fat diets, red meat intake and
increased colon cancer risk. The Western-style diet and cooking
techniques are risk factors for developing colon cancer. Further,
oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species plays a
significant role in a number of age-specific diseases such as cancer
and neurodegenerative disorders. Dietary proteins including whey
proteins have been reported to have the ability to scavenge reactive
oxygen species. Animal studies have also shown that whey protein
protects against the development of carcinogen induced colon
tumors in rats. In addition to proteins, protein hydrolyzates have
been found to exhibit antioxidant activity. During protein
hydrolysis, overall antioxidant activity of protein is enhanced as its
tertiary structure is disrupted and the solvent accessibility of
released amino acids increases. In this review, we summarize the
present knowledge on the etiopathogenesis of colorectal cancers
and the potential use of whey proteins in its treatment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Free radicals, Whey proteins, Colorectal cancer

Serbest radikaller, süt serumu proteinleri ve kolorektal kanser

Öz

Kolorektal kanser etiyolojisinde diyetin önemli bir çevresel faktör
olduğu yapılan çalışmalarla kanıtlanmıştır. Total enerji alımı,
yüksek yağlı diyet ve kırmızı et alımı ile kolon kanseri gelişimi
arasında bağlantı olduğu epidemiyolojik verilerle de
desteklenmiştir. Batı tarzı diyet ve pişirme teknikleri kolon kanseri
için risk faktörü olarak yer almaktadır. Öte yandan, reaktif oksijen
türleri tarafından oluşturulan oksidatif stres, kanser ve
nörodejeneratif bozukluklar gibi yaşa bağlı hastalıklarda önemli rol
oynamaktadır. Süt serumu proteinleri ve diğer diyetsel proteinlerin
reaktif oksijen radikallerini temizleme gücüne sahip olduğu
bildirilmiştir. Hayvan çalışmalarında karsinojen kullanılarak
oluşturulan kolon kanserine karşı süt serumu proteinlerinin
koruyucu olduğu gösterilmiştir. Proteinlerin yanında protein
hidrolizatlarının da antioksidan aktivite gösterdiği bulunmuştur.
Protein hidrolizi sırasında proteinin tersiyer yapısının bozulması ve
amino asit salınmasındaki artışa bağlı olarak proteinin antioksidan
aktivitesinde artış izlenmektedir. Bu derlemede, kolorektal kanser
etiyopatogenezindeki mevcut bilgileri özetlemeye ve tedavide süt
serumu proteinlerinin potansiyel kullanımını irdelemeye çalıştık.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Serbest radikaller, Süt serumu proteinleri, Kolorektal kanser

Kaynakça

• 1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2007. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2007. http://www.cancer.org/Research/ CancerFactsFigures/CancerFactsFigures/caff2007pwsecured-pdf accessed 20.08.2013
• 2. Colorectal cancer: the diagnosis and management of colorectal cancer, Nov. 2011.http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13597/57047/57047. pdf accessed 20.8.2013
• 3. Bandyopadhyay U, Das D, Banerjee RK. Reactive oxygen species: oxidative damage and pathogenesis. Curr Sci 1999; 77: 658-66.
• 4. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
• 5. Sukkar SG, Derin L, Iorio EL. Whey proteins: from supplementation to physiological modulation. Prog Nutr 2011; 13 (suppl. 1): 7-31.
• 6. Yalçın AS. Emerging therapeutic potential of whey proteins and peptides. Curr Pharm Des 2006; 12: 1637-43.
• 7. Hakkak R, Korourian S, Ronis MJJ, Johnston JM, Badger TM. Dietary whey protein protects against azoxymethane-induced colon tumors in male rats. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 555-8.
• 8. Attaallah W, Yılmaz AM, Erdoğan N, Yalçın AS, Aktan AÖ. Whey protein versus whey protein hydrolyzate for the protection of azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate induced colonic tumors in rats. Pathol Oncol Res 2012; 18: 817-22. doi: 10.1007/s12253-012- 9509-9
• 9. Power O, Jakeman P, Fitzgerald RJ. Antioxidative peptides: enzymatic production, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity and potential applications of milk-derived antioxidative peptides. Amino Acids 2013; 44. 797-820. doi: 10.1007/s00726-012-1393-9
• 10. Li YR, Free Radical Biomedicine: Principles, Clinical Correlations, and Methodologies, Bentham Science Publishers, 2012. doi: 10.2174/97816080532231120101
• 11. Abuja MP, Albertini R. Methods for monitoring oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and oxidation resistance of lipoproteins. Clin Chim Acta 2001; 306: 1-17. doi: 10.1016/S0009-8981(01)00393-X
• 12. Meister A, Anderson ME. Glutathione. Annu Rev Biochem 1983; 52: 711-760.
• 13. Anderson ME. Glutathione: an overview of biosynthesis and modulation. Chem Biol Interact 1998; 111: 1–14.
• 14. Pastore A, Federici G, Bertini E, Piermonte F. Analysis of glutathione: implication in redox and detoxification Clin Chim Acta 2003; 333: 19-39. doi: 10.1016/S0009-8981(03)00200-6
• 15. Kamangar F, Dores GM, Anderson WF. Patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across five continents: defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 2137-50. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.05.2308
• 16. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 2005: 55; 74–108. doi: 10.3322/canjclin.55.2.74
• 17. Phillips LL. Effect of free radicals on chromosomes of barley. Science 1956; 124: 889–90.
• 18. Wiseman H, Halliwell B. Damage to DNA by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: role in inflammatory disease and progression to cancer. Biochem J 1996; 313: 17-29.
• 19. Marshall HE, Merchant K, Stamler JS. Nitrosation and oxidation in the regulation of gene expression. FASEB J 2000; 14: 1889-900. doi:10.1096/fj.00.011rev
• 20. Marnett LJ. Oxyradicals and DNA damage. Carcinogenesis 2000; 21: 361-70. doi: 10.1093/carcin/21.3.361
• 21. Dreher D, Junod AF. Role of oxygen free radicals in cancer development. Eur J Cancer 1996; 32A: 30-8.
• 22. Romagnolo DF, Selmin OI. Flavonoids and cancer prevention: a review of the evidence. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr 2012; 31: 206–38.
• 23. Zhou K, Raffoul JJ. Potential anticancer properties of grape antioxidants. J Oncology 2012; Article ID 803294, 8 pages. doi:10.1155/2012/803294
• 24. Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Stoler DL, Bertario L, Anderson GR, Baba S. Colorectal cancer: how does it start? How does it metastasize? Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2000; 9: 643-52.
• 25. Loeb LA. Mutator phenotype may be required for multistage carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 3075-79.
• 26. Lengauer C, Klinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Genetic instabilities in human cancers. Nature 1998; 396: 643-9.
• 27. Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 1990; 61: 759-67.
• 28. Smith KJ, Johnson KA, Bryan TM, et al. The APC gene product in normal and in tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 2846- 50. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.7.2846
• 29. Miyoshi Y, Nagase H, Ando H, et al. Somatic mutations of the APC gene in colorectal tumors: mutation cluster region in the APC gene. Hum Mol Genet 1992; 1: 229-33.
• 30. Powell SM, Zilz N, Beazer-Barclay Y, et al. APC mutations occur early during colorectal carcinogenesis. Nature 1992; 359: 235-7.
• 31. Bird RP. Role of aberrant crypt foci in understanding the pathogenesis of colon cancer. Cancer Lett 1995; 93: 55–71. doi: 10.1016/0304- 3835(95)03788-X
• 32. Pretlow TP, Barrow BJ, Ashton WS, O’Riordan MA, Stellato TA. Aberrant crypts: putative preneoplastic foci in human colonic mucosa. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 1564–7.
• 33. McLellan EA, Bird RR. Aberrant crypts: potential preneoplastic lesions in the murine colon. Cancer Res 1988; 98: 6182–92.
• 34. Hirose Y, Kuno T, Yamada Y, et al. Azoxymethane-induced betacatenin-accumulated crypts in colonic mucosa of rodents as an intermediate biomarker for colon carcinogenesis, Carcinogenesis 2003; 24: 107–11. doi: 10.1093/carcin/24.1.107
• 35. Aniele RA, Ana PB, Lucia RR, Daisy MFS. DNA damage and aberrant crypt foci as putative biomarkers to evaluate the chemopreventive effect of annatto (Bixa orellana L.) in rat colon carcinogenesis. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2005; 582:146-54.
• 36. Rodrigues NR, Rowan A, Smith MEF, et al. P53 mutations and colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 7555-9.
• 37. Vousden KH. P53: death star. Cell 2000; 103: 692-4.
• 38. Corpet DE, Taché S. Most effective colon cancer chemopreventive agents in rats: a systematic review of aberrant crypt foci and tumor data, ranked by potency. Nutr Cancer 2002; 43: 1-21. doi: 10.1207/ S15327914NC431_1
• 39. Chang WW. Histogenesis of symmetrical 1,2-dimethylhydrazineinduced neoplasms of the colon in the mouse. J Natl Cancer Inst 1978; 60: 1405-18.
• 40. Brostrom O, Lofberg R, Nordenvall B, Ost A, Hellers G. The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis. An epidemiologic study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22: 1193–9.
• 41. Ambs S, Merriam WG, Bennett WP, et al. Frequent nitric oxide synthase-2 expression in human colon adenomas: implication for tumor angiogenesis and colon cancer progression. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 334–41.
• 42. Kitajima S, Morimoto M, Sagara E. A model for dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mouse colitis: bacterial degradation of DSS does not occur after incubation with mouse cecal contents. Exp Anim 2002; 51: 203–6. doi: 10.1538/expanim.51.203
• 43. Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, Adami HO. Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. A population-based study. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1228–33. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199011013231802
• 44. Okayasu, I, Yamada M, Mikami T, Yoshida T, Kanno J, Ohkusa T. Dysplasia and carcinoma development in a repeated dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis model. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 17: 1078–83. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2002.02853.x
• 45. Gill HS, Cross ML. Anti-cancer properties of bovine milk. Brit J Nutr 2000; 84: 161-6.
• 46. Parodi PW. A role for milk proteins and their peptides in cancer prevention. Curr Pharm Des 2007; 13: 813-28. doi: 10.2174/138161207780363059
• 47. Bounous G, Batis G, Gold P. Whey proteins in cancer prevention. Cancer Lett 1991; 57: 91-4. doi: 10.1016/0304-3835(91)90200-2
• 48. Bounous G. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) and glutathione modulation in cancer treatment. Anticancer Res 2000; 20: 4785-92.
• 49. McIntosh GH, Regester GO, Le Leu RK, Royle PJ, Smithers GW. Dairy proteins protect against dimethylhydrazine-induced intestinal cancers in rats. J Nutr 1995; 125: 806-16.
• 50. Toden S, Bird AR, Topping DL, Conlon MA. Differential effects of dietary whey and casein on colonic DNA damage in rats. Aust J Dairy Tech 2005; 60: 146-8. doi: 0.1017/S0007114507336817
• 51. Svensson M, Håkansson A, Mossberg A-K, Linse S, Svanborg C. Conversion of α-lactalbumin to a protein inducing apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 4221-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.8.4221
• 52. Sullivan LM, Mok KH, Brodkorb A. The formation of an anti-cancer complex under simulated gastric conditions. Food Dig 2013; 4: 7-18. doi: 10.1007/s13228-012-0030-0
• 53. Tsuda H, Sekine K, Yoshihiko U, et al. Milk and dairy products in cancer prevention: focus on bovine lactoferrin. Mutation Res 2000; 462: 227-33.
• 54. Dias NFGP, Sgarbieri VC, Jacobucci HB, Rangel HA, Tanikawa C. Dietary protein, immune function and colon carcinogenesis in the mouse. Lait 2006; 86: 213-26.
• 55. Trivisonne R. Supportive treatments and whey proteins in cancer patients. Progr Nutr 2011; 13(suppl. 1): 47-54.