How do social and spousal support influence postpartum depression?

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 3, 327 - 338, 27.10.2021

Nese Yaksı Dilsad Save

https://doi.org/10.5472/marumj.1012403

Cited By: 5

Öz

Objective: Postpartum psychiatric morbidity is one of the most frequent complications of birth, cause of suicides and maternal death.
We aimed to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) among mothers who gave birth in the last 6 months and also
assess the risk factors, particularly poor social and spousal support.
Patients and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. We included 303 mothers who gave birth in the last 6 months attending
three family health centers in a district of Istanbul. Stratified sampling method was used. Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale,
Postpartum Support Scale, The Scale of Perceived Spousal Support Among Women in Early Postpartum Period were administered.
Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used.
Results: Postpartum depression prevalence was 9.9% among the participants. According to multivariate statistical analysis; while a
higher income (OR : 0.99) and a higher spousal support score (OR: 0.95) were found as protective factors, actively working (OR :8.63),
unplanned pregnancy (OR: 3.21), having a first child compared to having two children (OR: 11.20), having low birth weight infant
(OR: 8.33) and unmet social support (OR: 1.02) were risk factors for PPD (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Considering the results of this study, increasing family income, social and spousal support, prevention of unplanned
pregnancies using effective family planning methods and improving the life prosperity of the women are essential to the decrease of
PPD prevalence.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Postpartum, Depression, Social support, Spousal support

Kaynakça

• [1] O’hara MW, Swain AM. Rates and risk of postpartum depression—a meta-analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry 1996; 8:37- 54. doi: doi:10.3109/095.402.69609037816
• [2] Oakley A, Chamberlain G. Medical and social factors in postpartum depression. Obstet Gynecol 1981; 1:182-7. doi: 10.3109/014.436.18109067376
• [3] O’Hara MW, Schlechte JA, Lewis DA, Wright EJ. Prospective study of postpartum blues: biologic and psychosocial factors. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48:801-6. doi:10.1001/ archpsyc.1991.018.10330025004
• [4] Handley SL, Dunn T, Waldron G, Baker JM. Tryptophan, cortisol and puerperal mood. Brit J Psychiat 1980; 136:498- 508. doi: 10.1192/bjp.136.5.498
• [5] Sit D, Rothschild AJ, Wisner KL. A review of postpartum psychosis. J. Women’s Health 2006; 15:352-68. doi: 10.1089/ jwh.2006.15.352
• [6] Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Pedersen CB, Mors O, Mortensen PB. New parents and mental disorders: a populationbased register study. JAMA 2006; 296:2582-9. doi:10.1001/ jama.296.21.2582
• [7] Cox JL, Murray D, Chapman G. A controlled study of the onset, duration and prevalence of postnatal depression. Brit J Psychiat 1993; 163:27-31. doi:10.1192/bjp.163.1.27
• [8] O’Hara M. Postpartum depression: Causes and consequences (Series in psychopathology). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1994.
• [9] Miller LJ. Postpartum depression. JAMA 2002; 287:762-5. doi:10.1001/jama.287.6.762
• [10] Norhayati M, Hazlina NN, Asrenee A, Emilin WW. Magnitude and risk factors for postpartum symptoms: a literature review. J Affect Disord 2015; 175:34-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.041
• [11] Özcan NK, Boyacıoğlu NE, Dinç H. Postpartum depression prevalence and risk factors in Turkey: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Affect Disord 2017;31:420-8. doi: 10.1016/j. apnu.2017.04.006
• [12] American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®). APA. 2013. [13] Cesar J, Chavoushi F. Background Paper 6.15 Depression. 2013.
• [14] Engindeniz N, Küey L, Kültür S. Edinburgh Doğum Sonrası Depresyon Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Formu için Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi. 1996 (in Turkish).
• [15] Dean AG, Sullivan KM, Soe MM. OpenEpi: Open Source Epidemiologic Statistics for Public Health, Version. www.OpenEpi.com, updated 2013/04/06, Accessed on 03.12.2021
• [16] Senturk, V., Abas, M., Berksun, O., & Stewart, R. (2011). Social support and antenatal depression in extended and nuclear family environments in Turkey: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Psychiatry 2011; 11: 1-10. doi: 10.1186/1471- 244X-11-48
• [17] Yağmur Y, Ulukoca N. Social support and postpartum depression in low-socioeconomic level postpartum women in Eastern Turkey. International Journal of Public Health 2020;55: 543-9. doi: 10.1007/s00038.010.0182-z
• [18] Matthey S. Using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale to screen for anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety 25:926-31. doi: 10.1002/da.20415
• [19] Logsdon, M. C., Usui, W., Birkimer, J. C., & McBride, A. B. (1996). The postpartum support questionnaire: Reliability and validity. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 4(2), 129-142. doi: 10.1891/1061-3749.4.2.129
• [20] Ertürk N. Doğum Sonrası Destek Ölçeğinin Türk Toplumuna Uyarlanması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ege Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. 2007 (in Turkish).
• [21] Şahin NH, Dişsiz M, Dinç H, Soypak F. Erken Lohusalık Sürecinde Kadınların Algıladıkları Eş Desteği: Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışması. Journal of Anatolia Nursing and Health Sciences 2014; 17:73-9 (in Turkish).
• [22] Özmen D, Çetinkaya AÇ, Ulas SC, Özmen E. Association between perceived social support and postpartum depression in Turkey. Br J Med Med Res 2014; 4:2025. doi: 10.9734/ BJMMR/2014/6109
• [23] Palumbo G, Mirabella F, Gigantesco A. Positive screening and risk factors for postpartum depression. Eur Psychiat 2017; 42:77-85. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.11.009
• [24] Klainin P, Arthur DG. Postpartum depression in Asian cultures: a literature review. Int J Nurs Stud 2009; 46:1355-73. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.02.012
• [25] Beck CT. Predictors of postpartum depression: an update. Nurs Res 2001; 50:275-85.
• [26] Arslantaş H, Ergin F, Balkaya NA. Aydin il merkezinde doğum sonrası depresyon sıklığı ve ilişkili risk etmenleri.Adnan Menderes Universitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2009;10:13-22. (in Turkish).
• [27] Kim TH, Connolly JA, Tamim H. The effect of social support around pregnancy on postpartum depression among Canadian teen mothers and adult mothers in the maternity experiences survey. BMC Pregnancy Childb 2014; 14:162. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-162
• [28] Hopkins J, Campbell SB, Marcus M. Role of infant-related stressors in postpartum depression. J Abnorm Psychol 1987; 96:237-41. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.96.3.237
• [29] Sylvén S, Thomopoulos T, Kollia N, Jonsson M, Skalkidou A. Correlates of postpartum depression in first time mothers without previous psychiatric contact. Eur Psychiat 2017; 40:4-12.
• [30] Deng A-W, Xiong R-B, Jiang T-T, Luo Y-P, Chen W-Z. Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in a populationbased sample of women in Tangxia Community, Guangzhou. Asian Pac. J. Trop Med 2014; 7:244-9. doi: 10.1016/S1995- 7645(14)60030-4
• [31] Inandi T, Elci OC, Ozturk A, Egri M, Polat A, Sahin TK. Risk factors for depression in postnatal first year, in eastern Turkey. Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31:1201-7. doi: 10.1093/ije/31.6.1201
• [32] Bener A, Gerber LM, Sheikh J. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders and associated risk factors in women during their postpartum period: a major public health problem and global comparison. Int J Women’s Health 2012; 4:191. doi: 10.2147/ IJWH.S29380
• [33] Yang J W, Jung I S. Convergence effect of spouse’s support on postpartum depression and self-efficacy in primipara. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society. 2018; 9: 171-80. doi: 10.15207/JKCS.2018.9.1.171
• [34] Gross C L, Marcussen K. Postpartum depression in mothers and fathers: The role of parenting efficacy expectations during the transition to parenthood. Sex Roles 2018; 76(5-6): 290- 305. doi: 10.1007/s11199.016.0629-7