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Evaluation of Relationship Between Lymphocyte DNA Damages and Blood Arsenic Levels in Silver Mining Workers using Alkaline Comet Assay

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 3, 530 - 536, 20.06.2017
https://doi.org/10.12991/marupj.311818

Öz

The purpose of this study is to investigate the association
between DNA damage and blood arsenic levels in individuals
occupationally exposed to arsenic (As). A hundred-twenty
exposed individuals from silver mining plate workers were
monitored in the way of DNA damage in blood lymphocytes
using comet assay (single cell gel electrophoresis, SSGE). The
DNA damage levels were measured by BAB Bs Comet Assay
system and As levels were analyzed by the atomic absorption
spectrometer (AAS) system. The mean blood arsenic level was
17.03±10.85 μg/L. A statistically significant positive correlations
were found between the arsenic levels and comet parameters
(tail intensity, comet length and tail length) (r=0.360, r=0.334,
r=0.259, respectively, p<0.01). Our results showed that exposure
to arsenic may cause DNA damage in peripheral

Kaynakça

  • 1. Abernathy CO, Liu YP, Longfellow D, Aposhian HV, Beck B, Fowler B. et al. Arsenic: health effects, mechanisms of actions, and research issues. Environ. Health Perspect 1999;107: 593-7.
  • 2. Bhattacharjee P, Banerjee M, Ashok K. Giri. Role of genomic instability in arsenic-induced carcinogenicity. A review. Environ Int 2013; 53:29-40.
  • 3. Sankar P, Telang AG, Ramya K, Vijayakaran K, Kesavan M. Protective action of curcumin and nano-curcumin against arsenic-induced genotoxicity in rats in vivo. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41 :7413-22.
  • 4. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. A review of human carcinogens: arsenic, metals, fibres and dusts. Iarc Press, Lyon. 2007, pp 41-93.
  • 5. Ng JC. Environmental contamination of arsenic and its toxicological impacton humans. Environ Chem 2005; 2:146- 60.
  • 6. Tchounwou PB, Patlolla AK, Centeno JA. Carcinogenic and systemic health effects associated with arsenic exposure--a critical review. Toxicol Pathol 2003;31:575-88.
  • 7. Basu A, Soma A Ghoshal S Mondal L Chaubey RC , Bhilwade HN, et al. Assessment of DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of individuals susceptible to arsenic induced toxicity in West Bengal, India. Toxicol Lett 2005; 159:100-12.
  • 8. De Vizcaya-Ruiza A, Barbiera O, Ruiz-Ramosb R, Cebrian ME. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and damage in human populations exposed to arsenic. Mutat Res 2009; 674:85-92.
  • 9. Halliwell B. Oxidative stress and cancer: have we moved forward? Biochem J 2007;401.
  • 10. Schaumlooffel N, Gebel T, Heterogenecity of the DNA damage provoked by antimony and arsenic. Mutagenesis 1998;13: 281- 6.
  • 11. Augustyniak M, Gladysz M, Dziewie M. The Comet assay in insects—Status, prospects and benefits for science. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res 2016;767:67-76
  • 12. Collins A, Koppen G, Valdiglesias V, Dusinska M, Kruszewski M, Møller P, Rojas E, Dhawan A, Benzie I, Coskun E, Moretti M, Speit G, Bonassi S; ComNet project. Review: The comet assay as a tool for human biomonitoring studies: The ComNet Project. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res 2014;759:27-39.
  • 13. Kayaalti Z, Soylemez E, Yalçın S, Soylemezoglu T. Searching of standard Comet Assay parameters for detecting lymphocyte DNA damages using fourteen different test conditions. J Adv Biol 2014; 3: 234-41.
  • 14. Dhawan A, Bajpayee M, Parmar D. Comet assay: a reliable tool for the assessment of DNA damage in different models. Cell Biol Toxicol 2009;25:5-32.
  • 15. Schaumlooffel N, Gebel T. Heterogenecity of the DNA damage provoked by antimony and arsenic. Mutagenesis 1998;13:281-6.
  • 16. Valverde M, Rojas E. Environmental and occupational biomonitoring using the Comet assay. Mutat Res 2009;681:93- 109.
  • 17. Guillamet E, Creus A, Ponti J, Sabbioni E, Fortaner S, Marcos R. In vitro DNA damage by arsenic compounds in a human lymphoblastoid cell line (TK6) assessed by the alkaline Comet assay. Mutagenesis 2004;19:129-35.
  • 18. Kumar S, Yedjou CG, Tchounwou PB. Arsenic trioxide induces oxidative stress, DNA damage, and mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in human leukemia (HL-60) cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2014;33:42.
  • 19. Stevens JJ, Graham B, Walker AM, Tchounwou PB, Rogers C. The Effects of Arsenic Trioxide on DNA Synthesis and Genotoxicity in Human Colon Cancer Cells. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2010;7:2018-32.
  • 20. Acharyya N, Sajed AS, Deb B, Chattopadhyay S, Maiti S. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) alleviates arsenic-induced damages to DNA and intestinal tissues in rat and in situ intestinal loop by reinforcing antioxidant system. Environ Toxicol 2015;30:1033- 44.
  • 21. Balakumar BS, Ramanathan K, Kumaresan S, Suresh R. DNA damage by sodium arsenite in experimental rats: ameliorative effects of antioxidant vitamins C and E. Indian J Sci Technol 2010;3:322-7.
  • 22. Yáñez L, García-Nieto E, Rojas E, Carrizales L, Mejía J, Calderón J, Razo I, Díaz-Barriga F. DNA damage in blood cells from children exposed to arsenic and lead in a mining area. Environ Res 2003;93:231-40.
  • 23. Ostrosky-Wegman P, Gonsebatt ME, Montero R, Vega L, Barba H, Espinosa J. Lymphocyte proliferation kinetics and genotoxic findings in a pilot study on individuals chronically exposed to arsenic in Mexico. Mutat Res 1991;250:477-82.
  • 24. Vuyyuri SB, Ishaq M, Kuppala D, Grover P, Ahuja YR. Evaluation of micronucleus frequencies and DNA damage in glass workers exposed to arsenic. Environ Mol Mutagen 2006; 47: 562-70.
  • 25. Wen W, Yang J, Gao X, Heng Z. Changes of the certain genotoxicities in workers occupationally exposed to arsenic. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2007;36:340-2.
  • 26. Singh NP, McCoy MT, Tice RR, Schneider EL. A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells. Exp Cell Res 1988;175:184-91.
  • 27. Basu A, Mahata J, Gupta S, Giri AK. Genetic toxicology of a paradoxical human carcinogen, arsenic—a review. Mutat Res 2001;488:171-94.
  • 28. Xie H, Huang S, Martin S, Wise Sr, John P. Arsenic is cytotoxic and genotoxic to primary human lung cells. Mutat Res - Genetic Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2014;760:33-41.
  • 29. Hsu L, Wu MM, Wang YH, Lee CY, Yang TY, Hsiao BY, Chen CJ. Association of Environmental Arsenic Exposure, Genetic Polymorphisms of Susceptible Genes, and Skin Cancers in Taiwan. BioMed Res Int 2015; Article ID 892579.
  • 30. Faita F, Cori L, Bianchi F, Andreassi MG. Arsenic-induced genotoxicity and genetic susceptibility to arsenic-related pathologies. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013;10:1527-46.
  • 31. Soylemez E, Kayaalti Z, Aliyev V, Soylemezoglu T. Effect of cigarette smoking on DNA damage according to nine comet assay parameters in female and male groups. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 2012; 65:39-45.
  • 32. Aktepe N, Kocyigit A, Yukselten Y, Taskin A, Keskin C, Celik H. Increased DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress Among Silver Jewelry Workers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015;164:185-91.
  • 33. Bacaksiz A, Kayaalti Z, Soylemez E, Tutkun E, Soylemezoglu T. Lymphocyte DNA damage in Turkish asphalt workers detected by the Comet assay. Int J Environ Health Res 2014; 24:11-7.
  • 34. Gurer-Orhan H, Sabır HU, Ozgunes H. Correlation between clinical indicators of lead poisoning and oxidative stress parameters in controls and lead-exposed workers. Toxicol 2004; 195:147-54.
  • 35. Kayaalti Z, Yavuz I, Soylemez E, Bacaksiz A, Tutkun E, Sayal A, Söylemezoğlu T. Evaluation of DNA damage using 3 comet assay parameters in workers occupationally exposed to lead. Arch Environ Occup Health 2015;70:120-5.
  • 36. Palus J, Lewinska D, Dziubaltowska E, Stepnik M, Beck J, Rydzynski K, Nilsson R.DNA Damage in leukocytes of workers occupationally exposed to arsenic in Copper smelters. Environ Mol Mutagen 2005; 46:81-7.
  • 37. DeMarini DM. Genotoxicity of tobacco smoke and tobacco smoke condensate: A review. Mutat Res 2004; 567:447–74.
  • 38. Giovannelli L, Saieva C, Masala G, Testa G, Salvini S, Pitozzi V, Riboli E, Dolara P, Palli D. Nutritional and lifestyle determinants of DNA oxidative damage: A study in a Mediterranean population. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23:1483–9.
  • 39. Stabbert R, Voncken P, Rustemeier K, Haussmann HJ, Roemer E, Schaffernicht H, Patskan G. Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 2:chemical composition of mainstream smoke. J Appl Toxicol 2003; 23:329-39.
  • 40. Lantz RC, Hays AM, Srinivasan D, Witten ML, Carter DE. Arsenic and cigarette smoke synergistically increase DNA oxidation in the lung. Toxicol Pathol 2006; 34:396-404.
  • 41. Roy P, Mukherjee A, Giri S. Evaluation of genetic damage in tobacco and arsenic exposed population of Southern Assam, India using buccal cytome assay and comet assay. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 2016; 124:169-76.
  • 42. Chen CL, Hsu LI, Chiou HY, Hsueh YM, Chen SY, Wu MM, Chen CJ; Blackfoot Disease Study Group. Ingested arsenic, cigarette smoking, and lung cancer risk: a follow-up study inarseniasis- endemic areas in Taiwan. J Am Med Assoc 2004;292:2984-90.
  • 43. Hertz-Picciotto I, Smith AH, Holtzman D, Lipsett M, Alexeeff G. Synergism between occupational arsenic exposure and smoking in the induction of lung cancer. Epidemiology 1992; 3:23-31.
  • 44. Saracci R, Boffetta P. Interactions of tobacco smoking and other causes of lung cancer. In: Epidemiology of Lung Cancer. Editor: Samet JM. Marcel Dekker, New York. 1994, pp 465- 493.
  • 45. Lindberg A, Sohel N, Rahman M, Persson LA, Vahter M. Impact of smoking and chewing tobacco on arsenic-induced skin lesions. Environ Health Perspect 2010; 118 :533-8.

Gümüş Madeni İşçilerinde Kan Arsenik Düzeyi ve Lenfosit DNA hasarı Arasındaki İlişkinin Alkali Komet Analizi ile Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 3, 530 - 536, 20.06.2017
https://doi.org/10.12991/marupj.311818

Öz

Bu çalışmadakı amaç, mesleki arseniğe maruz bireylerde
kan arsenik (As) düzeyi ve DNA hasar arasındaki ilişkiyi
araştırmaktır. Gümüş madeni işçilerinden 120 bireyin
lenfositlerindeki DNA hasarı comet yöntemi (tek hücre jel
elektroforezi) kullanılarak belirlendi. DNA hasar düzeyleri BAB
Bs Comet Assay sistemi ile hesaplandı ve As düzeyleri atomic
absorbsiyon spektroskopi (AAS) cihazı ile analiz edildi. Kan As
düzeyi ortalaması 17.03±10.85 μg/L olarak tespit edildi. Kan As
ve comet parametreleri (kuyruk yoğunluğu, comet uzunluğu ve
kuyruk uzunluğu) arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı pozitif
korelasyon bulundu (sırasıyla; r=0.360, r=0.334, r=0.259;
p<0.01). Sonuçlarımız, Türk Eti Maden gümüş işçilerinde
arsenik maruziyetinin periferik lenfosit DNA hasarına sebep
olduğunu gösterdi.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Abernathy CO, Liu YP, Longfellow D, Aposhian HV, Beck B, Fowler B. et al. Arsenic: health effects, mechanisms of actions, and research issues. Environ. Health Perspect 1999;107: 593-7.
  • 2. Bhattacharjee P, Banerjee M, Ashok K. Giri. Role of genomic instability in arsenic-induced carcinogenicity. A review. Environ Int 2013; 53:29-40.
  • 3. Sankar P, Telang AG, Ramya K, Vijayakaran K, Kesavan M. Protective action of curcumin and nano-curcumin against arsenic-induced genotoxicity in rats in vivo. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41 :7413-22.
  • 4. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. A review of human carcinogens: arsenic, metals, fibres and dusts. Iarc Press, Lyon. 2007, pp 41-93.
  • 5. Ng JC. Environmental contamination of arsenic and its toxicological impacton humans. Environ Chem 2005; 2:146- 60.
  • 6. Tchounwou PB, Patlolla AK, Centeno JA. Carcinogenic and systemic health effects associated with arsenic exposure--a critical review. Toxicol Pathol 2003;31:575-88.
  • 7. Basu A, Soma A Ghoshal S Mondal L Chaubey RC , Bhilwade HN, et al. Assessment of DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of individuals susceptible to arsenic induced toxicity in West Bengal, India. Toxicol Lett 2005; 159:100-12.
  • 8. De Vizcaya-Ruiza A, Barbiera O, Ruiz-Ramosb R, Cebrian ME. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and damage in human populations exposed to arsenic. Mutat Res 2009; 674:85-92.
  • 9. Halliwell B. Oxidative stress and cancer: have we moved forward? Biochem J 2007;401.
  • 10. Schaumlooffel N, Gebel T, Heterogenecity of the DNA damage provoked by antimony and arsenic. Mutagenesis 1998;13: 281- 6.
  • 11. Augustyniak M, Gladysz M, Dziewie M. The Comet assay in insects—Status, prospects and benefits for science. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res 2016;767:67-76
  • 12. Collins A, Koppen G, Valdiglesias V, Dusinska M, Kruszewski M, Møller P, Rojas E, Dhawan A, Benzie I, Coskun E, Moretti M, Speit G, Bonassi S; ComNet project. Review: The comet assay as a tool for human biomonitoring studies: The ComNet Project. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res 2014;759:27-39.
  • 13. Kayaalti Z, Soylemez E, Yalçın S, Soylemezoglu T. Searching of standard Comet Assay parameters for detecting lymphocyte DNA damages using fourteen different test conditions. J Adv Biol 2014; 3: 234-41.
  • 14. Dhawan A, Bajpayee M, Parmar D. Comet assay: a reliable tool for the assessment of DNA damage in different models. Cell Biol Toxicol 2009;25:5-32.
  • 15. Schaumlooffel N, Gebel T. Heterogenecity of the DNA damage provoked by antimony and arsenic. Mutagenesis 1998;13:281-6.
  • 16. Valverde M, Rojas E. Environmental and occupational biomonitoring using the Comet assay. Mutat Res 2009;681:93- 109.
  • 17. Guillamet E, Creus A, Ponti J, Sabbioni E, Fortaner S, Marcos R. In vitro DNA damage by arsenic compounds in a human lymphoblastoid cell line (TK6) assessed by the alkaline Comet assay. Mutagenesis 2004;19:129-35.
  • 18. Kumar S, Yedjou CG, Tchounwou PB. Arsenic trioxide induces oxidative stress, DNA damage, and mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in human leukemia (HL-60) cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2014;33:42.
  • 19. Stevens JJ, Graham B, Walker AM, Tchounwou PB, Rogers C. The Effects of Arsenic Trioxide on DNA Synthesis and Genotoxicity in Human Colon Cancer Cells. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2010;7:2018-32.
  • 20. Acharyya N, Sajed AS, Deb B, Chattopadhyay S, Maiti S. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) alleviates arsenic-induced damages to DNA and intestinal tissues in rat and in situ intestinal loop by reinforcing antioxidant system. Environ Toxicol 2015;30:1033- 44.
  • 21. Balakumar BS, Ramanathan K, Kumaresan S, Suresh R. DNA damage by sodium arsenite in experimental rats: ameliorative effects of antioxidant vitamins C and E. Indian J Sci Technol 2010;3:322-7.
  • 22. Yáñez L, García-Nieto E, Rojas E, Carrizales L, Mejía J, Calderón J, Razo I, Díaz-Barriga F. DNA damage in blood cells from children exposed to arsenic and lead in a mining area. Environ Res 2003;93:231-40.
  • 23. Ostrosky-Wegman P, Gonsebatt ME, Montero R, Vega L, Barba H, Espinosa J. Lymphocyte proliferation kinetics and genotoxic findings in a pilot study on individuals chronically exposed to arsenic in Mexico. Mutat Res 1991;250:477-82.
  • 24. Vuyyuri SB, Ishaq M, Kuppala D, Grover P, Ahuja YR. Evaluation of micronucleus frequencies and DNA damage in glass workers exposed to arsenic. Environ Mol Mutagen 2006; 47: 562-70.
  • 25. Wen W, Yang J, Gao X, Heng Z. Changes of the certain genotoxicities in workers occupationally exposed to arsenic. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2007;36:340-2.
  • 26. Singh NP, McCoy MT, Tice RR, Schneider EL. A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells. Exp Cell Res 1988;175:184-91.
  • 27. Basu A, Mahata J, Gupta S, Giri AK. Genetic toxicology of a paradoxical human carcinogen, arsenic—a review. Mutat Res 2001;488:171-94.
  • 28. Xie H, Huang S, Martin S, Wise Sr, John P. Arsenic is cytotoxic and genotoxic to primary human lung cells. Mutat Res - Genetic Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2014;760:33-41.
  • 29. Hsu L, Wu MM, Wang YH, Lee CY, Yang TY, Hsiao BY, Chen CJ. Association of Environmental Arsenic Exposure, Genetic Polymorphisms of Susceptible Genes, and Skin Cancers in Taiwan. BioMed Res Int 2015; Article ID 892579.
  • 30. Faita F, Cori L, Bianchi F, Andreassi MG. Arsenic-induced genotoxicity and genetic susceptibility to arsenic-related pathologies. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013;10:1527-46.
  • 31. Soylemez E, Kayaalti Z, Aliyev V, Soylemezoglu T. Effect of cigarette smoking on DNA damage according to nine comet assay parameters in female and male groups. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 2012; 65:39-45.
  • 32. Aktepe N, Kocyigit A, Yukselten Y, Taskin A, Keskin C, Celik H. Increased DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress Among Silver Jewelry Workers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015;164:185-91.
  • 33. Bacaksiz A, Kayaalti Z, Soylemez E, Tutkun E, Soylemezoglu T. Lymphocyte DNA damage in Turkish asphalt workers detected by the Comet assay. Int J Environ Health Res 2014; 24:11-7.
  • 34. Gurer-Orhan H, Sabır HU, Ozgunes H. Correlation between clinical indicators of lead poisoning and oxidative stress parameters in controls and lead-exposed workers. Toxicol 2004; 195:147-54.
  • 35. Kayaalti Z, Yavuz I, Soylemez E, Bacaksiz A, Tutkun E, Sayal A, Söylemezoğlu T. Evaluation of DNA damage using 3 comet assay parameters in workers occupationally exposed to lead. Arch Environ Occup Health 2015;70:120-5.
  • 36. Palus J, Lewinska D, Dziubaltowska E, Stepnik M, Beck J, Rydzynski K, Nilsson R.DNA Damage in leukocytes of workers occupationally exposed to arsenic in Copper smelters. Environ Mol Mutagen 2005; 46:81-7.
  • 37. DeMarini DM. Genotoxicity of tobacco smoke and tobacco smoke condensate: A review. Mutat Res 2004; 567:447–74.
  • 38. Giovannelli L, Saieva C, Masala G, Testa G, Salvini S, Pitozzi V, Riboli E, Dolara P, Palli D. Nutritional and lifestyle determinants of DNA oxidative damage: A study in a Mediterranean population. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23:1483–9.
  • 39. Stabbert R, Voncken P, Rustemeier K, Haussmann HJ, Roemer E, Schaffernicht H, Patskan G. Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 2:chemical composition of mainstream smoke. J Appl Toxicol 2003; 23:329-39.
  • 40. Lantz RC, Hays AM, Srinivasan D, Witten ML, Carter DE. Arsenic and cigarette smoke synergistically increase DNA oxidation in the lung. Toxicol Pathol 2006; 34:396-404.
  • 41. Roy P, Mukherjee A, Giri S. Evaluation of genetic damage in tobacco and arsenic exposed population of Southern Assam, India using buccal cytome assay and comet assay. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 2016; 124:169-76.
  • 42. Chen CL, Hsu LI, Chiou HY, Hsueh YM, Chen SY, Wu MM, Chen CJ; Blackfoot Disease Study Group. Ingested arsenic, cigarette smoking, and lung cancer risk: a follow-up study inarseniasis- endemic areas in Taiwan. J Am Med Assoc 2004;292:2984-90.
  • 43. Hertz-Picciotto I, Smith AH, Holtzman D, Lipsett M, Alexeeff G. Synergism between occupational arsenic exposure and smoking in the induction of lung cancer. Epidemiology 1992; 3:23-31.
  • 44. Saracci R, Boffetta P. Interactions of tobacco smoking and other causes of lung cancer. In: Epidemiology of Lung Cancer. Editor: Samet JM. Marcel Dekker, New York. 1994, pp 465- 493.
  • 45. Lindberg A, Sohel N, Rahman M, Persson LA, Vahter M. Impact of smoking and chewing tobacco on arsenic-induced skin lesions. Environ Health Perspect 2010; 118 :533-8.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Esma Söylemez Bu kişi benim

Zeliha Kayaaltı

Dilek Kaya-akyüzlü Bu kişi benim

Engin Tutkun Bu kişi benim

Tülin Söylemezoğlu Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Haziran 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Söylemez, E., Kayaaltı, Z., Kaya-akyüzlü, D., Tutkun, E., vd. (2017). Evaluation of Relationship Between Lymphocyte DNA Damages and Blood Arsenic Levels in Silver Mining Workers using Alkaline Comet Assay. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 21(3), 530-536. https://doi.org/10.12991/marupj.311818
AMA Söylemez E, Kayaaltı Z, Kaya-akyüzlü D, Tutkun E, Söylemezoğlu T. Evaluation of Relationship Between Lymphocyte DNA Damages and Blood Arsenic Levels in Silver Mining Workers using Alkaline Comet Assay. mpj. Haziran 2017;21(3):530-536. doi:10.12991/marupj.311818
Chicago Söylemez, Esma, Zeliha Kayaaltı, Dilek Kaya-akyüzlü, Engin Tutkun, ve Tülin Söylemezoğlu. “Evaluation of Relationship Between Lymphocyte DNA Damages and Blood Arsenic Levels in Silver Mining Workers Using Alkaline Comet Assay”. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal 21, sy. 3 (Haziran 2017): 530-36. https://doi.org/10.12991/marupj.311818.
EndNote Söylemez E, Kayaaltı Z, Kaya-akyüzlü D, Tutkun E, Söylemezoğlu T (01 Haziran 2017) Evaluation of Relationship Between Lymphocyte DNA Damages and Blood Arsenic Levels in Silver Mining Workers using Alkaline Comet Assay. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal 21 3 530–536.
IEEE E. Söylemez, Z. Kayaaltı, D. Kaya-akyüzlü, E. Tutkun, ve T. Söylemezoğlu, “Evaluation of Relationship Between Lymphocyte DNA Damages and Blood Arsenic Levels in Silver Mining Workers using Alkaline Comet Assay”, mpj, c. 21, sy. 3, ss. 530–536, 2017, doi: 10.12991/marupj.311818.
ISNAD Söylemez, Esma vd. “Evaluation of Relationship Between Lymphocyte DNA Damages and Blood Arsenic Levels in Silver Mining Workers Using Alkaline Comet Assay”. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal 21/3 (Haziran 2017), 530-536. https://doi.org/10.12991/marupj.311818.
JAMA Söylemez E, Kayaaltı Z, Kaya-akyüzlü D, Tutkun E, Söylemezoğlu T. Evaluation of Relationship Between Lymphocyte DNA Damages and Blood Arsenic Levels in Silver Mining Workers using Alkaline Comet Assay. mpj. 2017;21:530–536.
MLA Söylemez, Esma vd. “Evaluation of Relationship Between Lymphocyte DNA Damages and Blood Arsenic Levels in Silver Mining Workers Using Alkaline Comet Assay”. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, c. 21, sy. 3, 2017, ss. 530-6, doi:10.12991/marupj.311818.
Vancouver Söylemez E, Kayaaltı Z, Kaya-akyüzlü D, Tutkun E, Söylemezoğlu T. Evaluation of Relationship Between Lymphocyte DNA Damages and Blood Arsenic Levels in Silver Mining Workers using Alkaline Comet Assay. mpj. 2017;21(3):530-6.