Morphometric Characteristics of Invasive Species Magallana gigas (Thunberg, 1793) in Bandırma Bay, Marmara Sea

Abstract

Türkiye’s seas are the scene of the spread of invasive species in the entire Mediterranean basin due to the marine transportation of alien species and intensive aquaculture activities. In order to protect the natural ecosystem and track invasive species’ effects, these species must first be accurately identified and their distribution areas specified. The alien species, Magallana gigas (Pacific oyster), has introduced along the Turkish coasts. This study was carried out to determine the morphometric characteristics of Magallana gigas in the Bandırma Bay-Balıkesir between November 2013 and October 2014. Shell length varied between 68.08 mm (February) and 93.14 mm (April) during the year. Shell height was measured at the lowest 41.90 mm in February, and the highest 59.46 mm in June. Shell width was 35.80 mm in November when the study started, and it decreased gradually and reached its lowest value in February. W/L relationship of M. gigas was calculated as W=0.411×L2.653(R2=0.064) This study includes knowledges on morphometric relationships for the Pacific oyster which is crucial for the management of fisheries, aquaculture activities and native species (Ostrea edulis).

Keywords

• Magallana gigas
• Growth patterns
• Invasive species
• Bandırma Bay
• Marmara Sea
• Morphometric characteristics

References

1. Acarli, S., & Vural, P. (2018). Morphometric analysis of Ensis marginatus (Pennant, 1777) from Gallipolli, Çanakkale, Turkey. International Marine & Freshwater Sciences Symposium Proceedings, Turkey, pp. 391-394.
2. Acarlı, S., Karakoç, Ş., & Vural, P. (2023). Relationship between environmental factors, meat quality and biochemical composition bearded horse mussel (Modiolus barbatus, Linnaeus 1758) Ayvalık Bay, Balıkesir-Turkey. Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences, 39(1), 99-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41208-023-00521-0
3. Acarli, S., Kızılkaya, B., Vural, P., Gündüz, F., & Tan, E. (2019). Reproductive strategy and gonad development of alien species Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, 1793) from Bandırma Bay, Marmara Sea–Turkey. International Ecology 2018 Symposium, Turkey. pp. 391.
4. Acarli, S., Lök, A., & Yiğitkurt, S. (2012). Growth and survival of Anadara inaequivalvis (Bruguiere, 1789) in Sufa Lagoon, Izmir, Turkey. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh, 64, 1-7
5. Acarli, S., Lök, A., Küçükdermenci, A., Yildiz, H., & Serdar, S. (2011). Comparative growth, survival and condition index of flat oyster, Ostrea edulis (Linnaeus 1758) in Mersin Bay, Aegean Sea, Turkey. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(2), 203-210. https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2010.2806
6. Acarli, S., Vural, P., & Gündüz, F. (2017). Meat yield and condition index of invasive species Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas, Thunberg 1793) in Bandirma Bay (Marmara Sea, Turkey). International İskenderun Bay Symposium, Turkey, pp. 120.
7. Agboola, J. I., & Anetekhai, M. A. (2008). Length–weight relationships of some fresh and brackish water fishes in Badagry creek, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 24(5), 623-625. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2008.01079.x
8. Akester, R. J., & Martel, A. L. (2000). Shell shape, dysodont tooth morphology, and hinge-ligament thickness in the bay mussel Mytilus trossulus correlate with wave exposure. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78(2), 240-253. https://doi.org/10.1139/z99-215

9. Albayrak, S., Balkıs, H., & Balkıs, N. (2004). Bivalvia (Mollusca) fauna of the Sea of Marmara. Acta Adriatica, 45(1), 9-26.
10. Arja, F., Sarong, M. A., Suhendrayatna, S., & Huda, I. (2020). Growth Patterns Crassostrea sp. in various cultural media of marine water area, Banda Aceh. E3S Web of Conferences, Volume 151, 2020, The 1st International Conference on Veterinary, Animal, and Environmental Sciences (ICVAES 2019), Indonesia, pp. 01032. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015101032
11. Aydin, M., & Gül, M. (2021). Presence of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, 1793) in the Black Sea. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 6(1), 14-17. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.800160
12. Aydın, M., Biltekin, D., Breugelmans, K., & Backeljau, T. (2021). First record, DNA identification and morphometric characterization of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) in the southern Black Sea. BioInvasions Records, 10(4), 838-852. https://doi.org/10.3391/BIR.2021.10.4.08
13. Beukema, J. J., & Meehan, B. W. (1985). Latitudinal variation in linear growth and other shell characteristics of Macoma balthica. Marine Biology, 90, 27-33.
14. Blundo, C., Castagnolo, L., & Lumare, F. (1972) Nota sull’accrescimento di Crassostrea angulata (Lmk) e Crassostrea gigas (Thun) nella laguna di Varano e primi tentativi di fecondazione artificiale. Bollettino di Pesca, di Piscicoltura e di Idrobiologia, 27, 297-315.
15. Chatterji, A., Ansari, Z. A., Ingole, B. S., & Parulekar, A. H. (1985). Length-weight relationship of Giant Oyster, Crassostrea gyphoides (Schlotheim). Mahasagar.
16. Chávez-Villalba, J., Hernández-Ibarra, A., López-Tapia, M. R., & Mazón-Suástegui, J. M. (2008). Prospective culture of the Cortez oyster Crassostrea corteziensis from northwestern Mexico: Growth, gametogenic activity, and condition index. Journal of Shellfish Research, 27(4), 711-720. https://doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[711:PCOTCO]2.0.CO;2
17. Claxton, W. T., Wilson, A. B., Mackie, G. L., & Boulding, E. G. (1998). A genetic and morphological comparison of shallow-and deep-water populations of the introduced dreissenid bivalve Dreissena bugensis. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 76(7), 1269-1276. https://doi.org/10.1139/z98-064
18. Dame, R. F., Bushek, D., & Prins, T. C. (2001). Benthic suspension feeders as determinants of ecosystem structure and function in shallow coastal waters. In Reise, K. (Ed.), Ecological Comparisons of Sedimentary Shores (pp. 11-37). Springer.
19. Dang, C., de Montaudouin, X., Gam, M., Paroissin, C., Bru, N., & Caill-Milly, N. (2010). The Manila clam population in Arcachon Bay (SW France): can it be kept sustainable? Journal of Sea Research, 63(2), 108-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2009.11.003
20. Derbali, A., Kandeel, K. E., & Jarboui, O. (2019). Comparison of the dynamics between coastal and midshore populations of Pinctada radiata (Leach, 1814) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in the gulf of Gabes, Tunisia. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 20(4), 301-310. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v20_4_06
21. Diederich, S. (2006). High survival and growth rates of introduced Pacific oysters may cause restrictions on habitat use by native mussels in the Wadden Sea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 328(2), 211-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2005.07.012
22. Doğan, A., Önen, M. & Öztürk, B. (2007). A new record of the invasive Red Sea mussel Brachidontes pharaonis (Fischer P., 1870). (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from the Turkish coasts. Aquatic invasions, 2(4), 461-463.
23. Eagar, R. M. C. (1978). Shape and function of the shell: a comparison of some living and fossil bivalve mussels. Biological Reviews, 53(2), 169-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1978.tb01436.x
24. Elamin, E. M., & Elamin, S. E. M. (2014). Biometric relationships of the mother of pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera var. erythraensis) from Dongonab Bay, Red Sea. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 3(3), 1193-1204.
25. Farías-Tafolla, B., De La Cruz-Torres, J., Ponce-Rodríguez, A., Gersenowies-Rodríguez, J. R., Martínez-Pérez, J. A., & Chávez-Arteaga, M. M. (2015). Comparison of the allometry coefficient of the length-weight and length-length relationship between Selene brownii, S. vomer and S. setapinnis caught in the Gulf of Mexico. International Journal of Morphology, 33(4), 1237-1242.
26. Fuiman, L. A., Gage, J. D., & Lamont, P. A. (1999). Shell morphometry of the deep sea protobranch bivalve Ledella pustulosa in the Rockall Trough, north-east Atlantic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 79(4), 661-671. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315498000824
27. Góngora-Gómez, A. M., Domínguez-Orozco, A. L., Villanueva-Fonseca, B. P., Muñoz-Sevilla, N. P., & García-Ulloa, M. (2018). Seasonal levels of heavy metals in soft tissue and muscle of the pen shell Atrina maura (Sowerby, 1835) (Bivalvia: Pinnidae) from a farm in the southeastern coast of the Gulf of California, Mexico. Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental, 34(1), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.20937/rica.2018.34.01.05
28. Grizel, H., & Heral, M. (1991). Introduction into France of the Japanese oyster (Crassostrea gigas). ICES Journal of Marine Science, 47(3), 399-403. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/47.3.399
29. Grizzle, R. E., Ward, K. M., Peter, C. R., Cantwell, M., Katz, D., & Sullivan, J. (2017). Growth, morphometrics and nutrient content of farmed eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), in New Hampshire, USA. Aquaculture Research, 48(4), 1525-1537. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12988
30. Hajovsky, P., Beseres Pollack, J., & Anderson, J. (2021). Morphological assessment of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica throughout the Gulf of Mexico. Marine and Coastal Fisheries, 13(4), 309-319. https://doi.org/10.1002/mcf2.10156
31. Hinch, S. G. & Bailey, R. C. (1988). Within- and among-lake variation in shell morphology of the freshwater clam Elliptio complanata (Bivalvia: Unionidae) from south-central Ontario lakes. Hydrobiologia, 157, 27-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00008807
32. Hrs-Brenko, M. (1982). Ostrea edulis (Linnaeus) and Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) larvae in the plankton of Limski Kanal in the northern Adriatic Sea. Acta Adriatica, 23, 399-407.
33. Idris, M. H., Arshad, A., Amin, S. M. N., Japar, S. B., Daud, S. K., Mazlan, A. G., Zakaria, M. S., & Yusoff, F. M. (2012). Age, growth and length–weight relationships of Pinna bicolor Gmelin (Bivalvia: Pinnidae) in the seagrass beds of Sungai Pulai Estuary, Johor, Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 28(4), 597-600. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01807.x
34. Kasmini, L., Barus, T. A., Sarong, M. A., Mulya, M. B. (2018). Morphometric study of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in the coastal area of Banda Aceh. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 116(5), 052037. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1116/5/052037
35. Lim, L. S., Liew, K. S., Yap, T. K., Tan, N. H., & Shi, C. K. (2020). Length-weight relationship and relative condition factor of pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, cultured in the Tieshangang Bay of the Beibu Gulf, Guangxi Province, China. Borneo Journal of Marine Science and Aquaculture, 4(1), 24-27. https://doi.org/10.51200/bjomsa.v4i1.2048
36. Lucas, J. S., Southgate, P. C., & Tucker, C. S. (Eds.). (2019). Aquaculture: Farming aquatic animals and plants. John Wiley & Sons.
37. Malathi, S., & Thippeswamy, S. (2011). Morphometry, length-weight and condition in Parreysia corrugata (Mullar 1774) (Bivalvia: Unionidae) from river Malthi in the Western Ghats, India. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 2(1), 43-52.
38. Monina, O. B. (1987). Growth and condition factors of Pacific oyster implanted in the Black Sea. In I. A. Sadykhova (Ed.), Biology and Cultivation of Molluscs (pp. 39-49). VNIRO.
39. Morán, G. A., Martinez, J. J., Reyna, P. B., Martín, J., Malits, A., & Gordillo, S. (2022). Identifying environmental drivers of shell shape and size variation in a widely distributed marine bivalve along the Atlantic Patagonian coast. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 299, 49-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2022.05.003
40. Nagi, H. M., Shenai-Tirodkar, P. S., & Jagtap, T. G. (2011). Dimensional relationships in Crassostrea madrasensis (Preston) and C. gryphoides (Schlotheim) in Mangrove ecosystem. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences,40(4), 559-566.
41. Orton, J. H. (1936). Habit and shell-shape in the Portuguese oyster, Ostrea angulata. Nature, 138(3489), 466-467. https://doi.org/10.1038/138466b0
42. Özden, O., Alpbaz, A. G. & Tekin, M. (1993). Süyo (Homa) dalyanında istiridye (Crassostrea gigas) yetiştiriciliği üzerinde bir araştırma. E.Ü. Eğitiminin 10. Yılında Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu, Turkey, pp. 609-621.
43. Pauly, D. (1983). Some simple methods for the assessment of tropical fish stocks. FAO Fisheries Technical Papers. Rome. pp. 1-5.
44. Powell, E., Mann, R., Ashton-Alcox, K., Kim, Y., & Bushek, D. (2016). The allometry of oysters: Spatial and temporal variation in the length–biomass relationships for Crassostrea virginica. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 96(5), 1127-1144. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315415000703
45. Ramesha, M. M., & Thippeswamy, S. (2009). Allometry and condition index in the freshwater bivalve Parreysia corrugata (Muller) from river Kempuhole, India. Asian Fisheries Science, 22(1), 203-214.
46. Rhoads, D. C. & Pannella, G. (1970). The use of molluscan growth patterns in ecology and paleoecology. Lethaia, 3(2), 143-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1970.tb01854.x
47. Ricker, W.E. (1973). Linear regression in the fishery research. Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 30(3), 409-434. https://doi.org/10.1139/f73-072
48. Salvi, D., & Mariottini, P. (2017). Molecular taxonomy in 2D: A novel ITS2 rRNA sequence-structure approach guides the description of the oysters’ subfamily Saccostreinae and the genus Magallana (Bivalvia: Ostreidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 179(2), 263-276. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12455
49. Santhi, V. V., Antony, M. M., Lopez, L., Vasanthi, L., & Joseph, J. (2021). Evolution of ecophenotypic plasticity in Indian oyster, Crasssostrea madrasensis (Preston) population from Ashtamudi Lake, Kerala, India. International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 9(5), 290-296. https://doi.org/10.22034/ijab.v9i5.1167
50. Scarlato, O. A., & Starobogatov, Y. E. (1972). Class-Bivalvia: In Keys to the Fauna of the Black and Azov Seas (pp. 178-249). Nauk. Dumka.
51. Singh, Y. T. (2019). Biometrics, condition index and meat yield of edible rock oyster, Saccostrea cucullata (Born, 1778). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 99(2), 385-392. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315418000309
52. Singh, Y.T. (2017). Relationship between environmental factors and biological parameters of Asian wedge clam, Donax scortum, morphometric analysis, length-weight relationship and condition index: a first report in Asia. Journal of Marine Biology of the United Kingdom, 97(8), 1617-1633. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531541600103X
53. Tanita, S., & Kikuchi, S. (1957). On the density effect of the raft cultured oysters. I. The density effect within one plate. Bulletin of the Tohoku Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, 9, 133-142.
54. Thejasvi, A., Chandrakala Shenoy, K., & Thippeswamy, S. (2013). Allometry of the green mussel Perna viridis (linnaeus) from the intertidal rocky habitat of Mukka, Karnataka, India. Journal of Theoretical and Experimental Biology, 9(3), 105-112.
55. Thippeswamy, S., Malathi, S., & Anupama, N. M. (2014). Allometry and condition index in the freshwater bivalve Parreysia favidens (Benson, 1862) from river Bhadra, India. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 61(4), 47-53.
56. Troost, K. (2010). Causes and effects of a highly successful marine invasion: case-study of the introduced Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in continental NW European estuaries. Journal of Sea Research, 64(3), 145-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2010.02.004
57. Unnikrishnan Nair, N., & Balakrishnan Nair, B. (1986). Height-Length relationship of shell in the Indian Backwater oyster Crassostrea madrasensis (Preston) of the Cochin Harbour. Fishery Technology, 23, 27-31.
58. Vasconcelos, P., Moura, P., Pereira, F., Pereira, A. M., & Gaspar, M. B. (2018). Morphometric relationships and relative growth of 20 uncommon bivalve species from the Algarve coast (southern Portugal). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 98(3), 463-474. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531541600165X
59. Vural, P. (2022). Monthly variation of biochemical composition of lagoon cockle (Cerastoderma glaucum, Bruguière, 1789), from Çardak Lagoon (Turkey). Thalassas, 38, 885-893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41208-022-00423-7
60. Walles, B., Mann, R., Ysebaert, T., Troost, K., Herman, P. M. J. & Smaal, A. C. (2015). Demography of the ecosystem engineer Crassostrea gigas related to vertical reef accretion and reef persistence. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 154, 224-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2015.01.006
61. Wang, J., Christoffersen, K., Buck, S., Tao, Y. & Hansen, B. W. (2007). The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in the Isefjord. Denmark. Student Report, Roskilde University, Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change. 49p.
62. Yapi, J. N., Blé, M. C., Etchian, A. O., Kadjo, V., Soro, D., & Yao, K. (2016). Actors and effort of the artisanal harvesting of mangrove oyster Crassostrea gasar along the littoral lagoons Ebrié and Aby (Côte d’Ivoire), International Journal of Biosciences, 9(6), 45-54
63. Zibrowius, H. (1992). Ongoing modification of the Mediterranean marine fauna and flora by the establishment of exotic species. Mésogée, 51, 83-107.