Evaluation of Port State Control Inspections in Türkiye

Year 2024, , 81 - 93, 31.03.2024

Sibel Bayar

https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1402896

Abstract

With technological developments, transportation has become easier and maritime trade between countries has reached very important dimensions, but this situation has led to the emergence of various risks in terms of both environment and maritime safety due to accidents or other reasons. The most important factor threatening the environment and maritime safety is the continued operation of substandard ships. There are various inspection mechanisms to prevent the operation of these ships and one of these mechanisms is port state control inspections. In this context, in this study, Port State Control inspections carried out in Türkiye between 2018 and 2022 were statistically examined and frequency analysis was performed and Pearson Chi-Square Independence test was utilized to analyse the hypotheses and the degree of relationship between the hypotheses was analysed by Phi- Cramer’s V test. The study contributes to the literature in terms of statistical analysis of PSC Inspections in Turkish Ports within the scope of Black Sea Memorandum and Mediterranean Memorandum.

Keywords

Black Sea MoU, Chi-Square, Mediterranean MoU, Phi- Cramer’s V, Port State Control

References

• Akan, E., Gültekin, T., & Bayar, S. (2022). Statistical analysis of maritime piracy cases in world territorial waters. Journal of Transportation Security, 15(3-4), 263-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12198-022-00251-z
• Akpınar, H., & Sahin, B. (2020). Strategic management approach for port state control: The Black Sea Memorandum of Understanding detention analysis. Maritime Business Review, 5(3), 281-293. https://doi.org/10.1108/MABR-10-2019-0043
• Akyüz, E., Akgun, I., & Celik, M. (2016). A fuzzy failure mode and effects approach to analyse concentrated inspection campaigns on board ships. Maritime Policy & Management, 43(7), 887-908. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2016.1173737
• Arslan, O., & Eyigün, O. (2016). Analysis of ship targeting systems used in PSC regimes. Constanta University Annals, 26(7), 7-13.
• Bang, H. S., & Jang, D. J. (2012). Recent developments in regional memorandums of understanding on port state control. Ocean Development & International Law, 43(2), 170-187. https://doi.org/10.1080/00908320.2012.672293
• Baradan, S., Akboğa, Ö., Çetinkaya, U., & Usmen, M. A. (2016). Ege bölgesindeki inşaat iş kazalarının sıklık ve çapraz tablolama analizleri [Univariate and cross tabulation analysis of construction accidents in the Aegean Region]. Teknik Dergi, 27(1), 7345-7370.
• Bayar, S., & Akan, E. (2022). Türk arama kurtarma bölgesinde gerçekleşen gezi/spor/eğlence amaçlı gemi ve yatların karıştığı kazaların analizi [Analysis of accidents involved in touring/ sport/ recreational vessels and yachts in the Turkish search and rescue area]. Aquatic Research, 5(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR22004
• Bolat, F. (2019). Türk bayraklı gemilerin Tokyo Mutabakat Zaptı Bölgesindeki performanslarının incelenmesi [Investigation of performances of Turkish flaged ships in the Tokyo Memorandum of Understanding] International Journal of Euroasian Research, 7(19), 468-487. https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.628262
• Bolat, F., & Alpaslan, S. (2021). Cumulative analysis of port state control based on Paris MoU inspections. Transactions on Maritime Science, 10(01), 224-246. https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v10.n01.019
• Bölükbaşı, A., & Yıldırtan, D. (2009). Yerel yonetimlerde iş tatminini etkileyen faktorlerin belirlenmesine yönelik alan araştırması [Determining the factors affecting job satisfaction in local authority: A case study], Marmara University Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 27(2), 345–366.
• BSMoU. (2022). Port State Control in the Black Sea Region Annual Report 2022. Black Sea Memorandum of Understanding, Türkiye. pp.43. Retrieved on July 12, 2023, from https://www.bsmou.org
• BSMoU. (2023). Inspections. Black Sea Memorandum of Understanding. Retrieved on July 12, 2023, from https://www.bsmou.org/database/inspections/
• Chuah, L. F., Rof’ie, N. R. M., Salleh, N. H. M., Bakar, A. A., Oloruntobi, O., Othman, M. R., & Asif, S. (2023). Analyzing the influencing factors of Port State Control for a cleaner environment via Bayesian network model Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 14, 100636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2023.100636
• Çolak, B., & Ergün, A. (2020). İstanbul’un bir ilçesinde okul çağı çocuklarında beslenme alışkanlıkları ve sıvı tüketim durumunun vücut kütle indeksi ile ilişkisi: kesitsel bir çalışma [The relationship between nutrition and fluid consumption status and body mass index in school age children in a district of İstanbul: a cross-sectional study]. Journal of Public Health Nursing, 2(3), 197-212.
• Demirci, S. E., Cicek, K., & Ozturk, U. (2022). A fuzzy rule-based ship risk profile prediction model for port state control inspections. Intelligent and Fuzzy Techniques for Emerging Conditions and Digital Transformation: Proceedings of the INFUS 2021 Conference, Türkiye. pp. 498-505.
• Demirci, S. M. E., & Cicek, K. (2023). Intelligent ship inspection analytics: Ship deficiency data mining for port state control. Ocean Engineering, 278, 114232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114232
• Emecen Kara, E. G. (2016). Risk assessment in the Istanbul Strait using Black Sea MOU port state control inspections. Sustainability, 8(4), 390. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8040390
• Emecen Kara, E. G. (2018). The assessment of maritime safety in the Turkish straits based on the performance of flag states in port state control regimes. International Journal of Maritime Engineering, 160(A3), 227-241. https://doi.org/10.5750/ijme.v160iA3.1060
• Emecen Kara, E. G., Okşaş, O., & Kara, G. (2020). The similarity analysis of Port State Control regimes based on the performance of flag states. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, 234(2), 558-572. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475090219874260
• Emecen Kara, E. G. (2022). Determination of maritime safety performance of flag states based on the Port State Control inspections using TOPSIS. Marine Policy, 143(2022), 105156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105156
• EMSA. (2023), Inspections. Retrieved on July 17, 2023, from https://portal.emsa.europa.eu/web/thetis-med/inspections
• Eyigün, Ö. (2013). Liman devleti kontrolü (psc) rejimlerinde kullanılan hedefleme sistemlerinin analizi [Analysing shıp targeting systems used in psc regimes]. [PhD. Thesis, Istanbul Technical University].
• Farag, S. E. (2016). Port State Control Goals, Implementation and Achievements. International Journal of General Engineering and Technology, 5(4), 1-10.
• Kan, E. (2023). Türk bayraklı gemilerin denizcilik çalışma sözleşmesi (MLC) kapsamında eksikliklerinin belirlenmesi: Paris Mou denetim raporlarının incelenmesi [Identification of deficiencies of Turkish flagged ships in the scope of maritime labour convention (MLC): Examining the Paris MOU Inspection Reports]. The Journal of Labor and Society, 3(78), 2287-2314. https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1325644
• Karahalios, H. (2021). Contribution of PSC authorities to ship accident prevention. Operations Research Forum, 2(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43069-021-00053-4
• Keselj, T. (1999). Port state jurisdiction in respect of pollution from ships: The 1982 United Nations convention on the law of the sea and the memoranda of understanding. Ocean Development & International Law, 30(2), 127-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/009083299276212
• Knapp, S., & Franses, P. H. (2007). A global view on port state control: econometric analysis of the differences across port state control regimes. Maritime Policy & Management, 34(5), 453-482. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088830701585217
• Kostović, N., Ivče, R., & Pavić, V. (2022). Port State Control (PSC) inspections on container ships. Pomorstvo, 36(1), 61-67. https://doi.org/10.31217/p.36.1.7
• Kotrlik, J. W., Williams, H. A., & Jabor, M. K. (2011). Reporting and interpreting effect size in quantitative agricultural education research. Journal of Agricultural Education, 52(1), 132-142. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2011.01132
• Lai, C. Y., Liu, C. P., & Huang, K. M. (2023). Optimization of the concentrated inspection campaign model to strengthen port state control. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(6), 1166. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061166
• Mantoju, C. D. (2021). Analysis of MARPOL implementation based on port state control statistics. Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs, and Shipping, 5(3), 132-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/25725084.2021.1965281
• Maşalacı, B. Ç., & Çakır, E. (2023). Differences in deficiency types causing ship detentions at the Black Sea Region during the Covid-19 pandemic and pre-pandemic. Marine Policy, 151, 105553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105553
• MedMoU. (2023a). Worldwide MoU’s, Mediterranean Memorandum. Retrieved on August, 10, 2023, from https://medmou.org/World.aspx
• MedMoU. (2023b). Mediterranean Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control Annual Report 2022, Mediterranean MoU on PSC Secretariat. Egypt. pp.29.
• Nooramin, A. S., & Sadjadi Parsa, J. (2010). Analysis of violations of safety requirements established by the international maritime regulations. Oceanography, 1(3), 21-28.
• Nwokedi, T. C., Akpufu, I. D., Ndikom, O. B., Mbachu, J. C., Anyanwu, C. E., & Daniel, B. O. (2023). Periscoping performance of classification societies in maritime safety from the prism of the Abuja MoU on port states control. Maritime Technology and Research, 5(2), 260788-260788. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2023.260788
• Öztürk, O. B., & Gökdemir Işık, N. (2016). Türkiye’de uygulanmakta olan liman devleti kontrollerine yönelik bir Delphi çalışması [A Delphi study on port state controls in Turkey]. Dokuz Eylül University Maritime Faculty Journal, 8(2), 243-271. https://doi.org/10.18613/deudfd.266526
• Öztürk, O. B., Şanlıer, Ş., & Gökdemir Işık, N. (2016). 1982 tarihli Birleşmiş Milletler deniz hukuku sözleşmesi açısından liman devleti denetimi sistemi ve Türkiye’deki sorunları [Port state control system in terms of 1982 UNCLOS and its problems in Turkey]. Electronic Turkish Studies, 11(13), 29-242. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.9755
• Piniella, F., Alcaide, J. I., & Rodríguez-Díaz, E. (2020). Identifying stakeholder perceptions and realities of Paris MoU inspections. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 19, 27-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-020-00193-0
• Prieto, J. M., Amor, V., Turias, I., Almorza, D., & Piniella, F. (2021). Evaluation of Paris MoU Maritime Inspections Using a STATIS Approach. Mathematics, 9(17), 2092. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9172092
• Rea, L. M., & Parker, R. A. (Eds.) (1992). Designing and conducting survey research. (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
• Şanlıer, Ş. (2020). Analysis of port state control inspection data: The Black Sea Region. Marine Policy, 112, 103757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103757
• Şanlıer, Ş. (2021). Paris Memorandumu denetim datalarının liman devletleri bağlamında analizi (2016-2018). [Analysis of Paris Memorandum control data in the context of port states (2016-2018)]. Turkish Studies-Economics, Finance, Politics, 16(1), 477-489. https://doi.org/10.47644/TurkishStudies.47169
• Sevgili, C., & Töz, A. (2022). Analysis of Port State Control through the association rule mining. Turkish Journal of Maritime and Marine Sciences, 8(2), 104-114. https://doi/org/10.52998/trjmms.1069268.
• Stoyanov, S., & Terlemesian, E. K. (2004). Bulgarian and international law in environmental management of port areas. Environmental Management for Port areas: Capacity Building among Port Authorities and Societal Stakeholders in Bulgaria, Flanders-Bulgarian Project Report No: BUL/017/02. Sofia, Bulgaria.
• Tsou, M. C. (2019). Big data analysis of port state control ship detention database. Journal of Marine Engineering & Technology, 18(3), 113-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/20464177.2018.1505029
• Turhan, N. S. (2020). Karl Pearson’s chi-square tests. Educational Research and Reviews, 16(9), 575-580. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2019.3817
• Turna, İ., & Öztürk, O. B. (2021). A comparative analysis of deck log records of merchant ships. Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs, 13(1), 43-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2020.1844113
• Uçar, O. F., & Boran, M. (2023). Analysis of machine deficiencies of ships detained under the Black Sea Memorandum. The Black Sea Journal of Sciences, 13(2), 601-611. https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1249376
• Ukić Boljat, H., Slišković, M., Jelaska, I., Gudelj, A., & Jelić Mrčelić, G. (2020). Analysis of pollution related deficiencies identified through PSC inspections for the period 2014–2018. Sustainability, 12(15), 5956. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12155956
• Uygur, S., & Bolat, F. (2021). ARDL bound testing approach for Turkish-flagged ships inspected under the Paris Memorandum of Understanding. Journal of ETA Maritime Science, 9(2), 85-101. https://doi.org/10.4274/jems.2021.75436
• Wang, Y., Zhang, F., Yang, Z., & Yang, Z. (2021). Incorporation of deficiency data into the analysis of the dependency and interdependency among the risk factors influencing port state control inspection. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 206, 107277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2020.107277
• Xiao, Y., Qi, G., Jin, M., Yuen, K. F., Chen, Z., & Li, K. X. (2021). Efficiency of Port State Control inspection regimes: A comparative study. Transport Policy, 106, 165-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.04.003
• Yang, Z., Yang, Z., & Teixeira, A. P. (2020). Comparative analysis of the impact of new inspection regime on port state control inspection. Transport Policy, 92, 65-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.04.009
• Yang, Z., Yang, Z., & Yin, J. (2018). Realising advanced risk-based port state control inspection using data-driven Bayesian networks. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 110, 38-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.01.033
• Yılmaz, F. (2020). Evaluation of Port State Control (PSC) performance of Turkish flagged merchant ships in Paris Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on PSC. Turkish Journal of Maritime and Marine Sciences, 6(1), 111-119.