Immune Responses and Growth Performance of the Aqueous Methanolic Extract of Malva sylvestris in Oncorhynchus mykiss

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 159 - 167, 31.12.2020

Soner Bilen , Mustafa Karga Yasemin Çelik Altunoğlu , Ferhat Ulu , Gouranga Bıswas

https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.746951

Cited By: 15

https://izlik.org/JA52HU25TP

Abstract

Growth promoting and immune stimulating effects of common mallow (Malva sylvestris) aqueous methanolic extract (AME) in O. mykiss were examined. Two different concentrations of common mallow AME [0.1 (CM1) and 0.5 (CM5) g kg^-1 of feed] commixed a basic diet and a control diet without the common mallow extract were fed to rainbow trout for 30 days to evaluate growth rate and immune responses. At the end of the study, fish growth performance was determined as significantly higher in the group fed with 0.1 g kg^-1 common mallow AME compared with control diet fed group (P<0.05). In fish fed with CM5 diet, oxidative radical production (ORP) was the highest (P<0.05). Similarly, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was increased significantly in CM5 group. Lysozyme (LYS) and phagocytic activities (PA) were not altered in treated fish groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). The pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, TNF-α1, IL-8,), anti-infammatory (IL-10), lymphocyte agonist (TGF-β) and cell-mediated immune regulatory, IL-12 cytokines were generally down-regulated insignificantly compared to control. Although, common mallow AME could not elicit cytokine-mediated immunity and resistance to bacterial pathogen, A. hydrophila in rainbow trout, elevation in ORP and MPO activities in treated groups and growth promoting effect were noticed at a low dose. Therefore, application AME of common mallow at 0.1 g kg^-1 of feed as growth promoter and non-specific immunostimulant is advocated for rainbow trout.

Keywords

Oncorhynchus mykiss , Malva sylvestris , Immunostimulant , Cytokine response , Growth promotion

References

• Abdelhamid, A. & Soliman, A. (2012). Possibility of using fenugreek seeds or cresson seeds in tilapia diets. Journal of the Arabian Aquaculture Society, 7: 75-90.
• Alan, R. & Padem, H. (1989). Erzurum ve Yöresinde Sebze Olarak Kullanılan Yabani Otlardan Işgın, Uzun Yemlik, Madımak, Tel Pancarı ile Ebegümeci Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Gida, 14(5): 281-287.
• Almabrok, A. A., Amhamed, I. D., Mohamed, G. A., Bilen, S. & Altief, T. A. S. (2018). Effect of Tilia tomentosa methanolic extract on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, immune system and haematological indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 7(1): 12-20. https://doi.org10.33714/masteb.421047
• Altunoglu, Y. C., Bilen, S., Ulu, F. & Biswas, G. (2017). Immune responses to methanolic extract of black cumin (Nigella sativa) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 67: 103-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.002
• Amhamed, I. D., Mohamed, G. A., Almabrok, A. A., Altıef, T. A. S. & Bilen, S. (2018). Efficacy of Dietary Chenopodium album Extract on Some Health Parameters, Digestive Enzymes and Growth Performance in Juvenile Cyprinus carpio. Alınteri Zirai Bilimler Dergisi, 33(2): 165-176. https://doi.org/10.28955/alinterizbd.412455
• Arslan, G., Sönmez, A. Y. & Yanık, T. (2018). Effects of grape Vitis vinifera seed oil supplementation on growth, survival, fatty acid profiles, antioxidant contents and blood parameters in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture Research, 49(6): 2256-2266. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13686
• Bilen, S., Altief, T. A. S., Ürüten, Özdemir, K., Salem, M. O. A., Terzi, E. & Güney, K. (2019). Effect of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) extract on growth performance, digestive and antioxidant enzyme activities, and immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 46(1): 471-481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-019-00737-z
• Bilen, S., Altunoglu, Y. C., Ulu, F. & Biswas, G. (2016). Innate immune and growth promoting responses to caper (Capparis spinosa) extract in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 57: 206-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.040
• Bilen, S. & Bilen, A. (2012). Growth promoting effect of tetra (Cotinus coggygria) and laurel (Laurus nobilis) on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Alınteri Zirai Bilimler Dergisi, 22: 26-33.
• Bilen, S., Bilen, A. & Önal, U. (2015). The effects of oxygen supplementation on growth and survival of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in different stocking densities. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 14(3): 538-545.
• Bilen, S. & Elbeshti, H. T. A. G. (2019). A new potential therapeutic remedy against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using tetra, Cotinus coggygria. Journal of Fish Diseases, 42(10): 1369-1381. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13061
• Bilen, S., Filogh, A. M., Ali, A. B., Kenanoğlu, O. N. & Zoral, M. A. (2019). Effect of common mallow (Malva sylvestris) dietary supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, haemotological and immune responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture International, 28(1): 73-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-019-00444-9
• Bilen, S., Kenanoglu, O. N., Terzi, E., Ozdemir, R. C. & Sonmez, A. Y. (2019). Effects of tetra (Cotinus coggygria) and common mallow (Malva sylvestris) plant extracts on growth performance and immune response in Gilthead Sea bream (Sparus aurata) and European Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture, 512: 734251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734251
• Bilen, S., Kızak, V. & Bilen, A. M. (2013). Floating fish farm unit (3FU). Is it an appropriate method for salmonid production? Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 2(1): 9-13.
• Bilen, S., Özkan, O., Alagöz, K. & Yürüten Özdemir, K. (2018). Effect Of dill (Anethum graveolens) and garden cress (Lepidium sativum) dietary supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and immune responses of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture, 495: 611-616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.06.037
• Bilen, S., Sirtiyah, A. M. A. & Terzi, E. (2019). Therapeutic effects of beard lichen, Usnea barbata extract against Lactococcus garvieae infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 87: 401-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.046
• Bilen, S., Soydaș, E. & Bilen, A. (2014). Effects of methanolic extracts of nettle (Urtica dioica) on non-specific immune response of gold fish (Carassius auratus). Alınteri Zirai Bilimler Dergisi, 27: 24-29.
• Bilen, S., Ünal, S. & Güvensoy, H. (2016). Effects of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and nettle (Urtica dioica) methanolic extracts on immune responses and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 454: 90-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.12.010
• Boran, H., Terzi, E., Altinok, I., Capkin, E. & Bascinar, N. (2013). Bacterial diseases of cultured Mediterranean horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus) in sea cages. Aquaculture, 396: 8-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. aquaculture.2013.02.025
• Cabello, F. C. (2006). Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture: A growing problem for human and animal health and for the environment. Environmental microbiology, 8(7): 1137-1144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j. 1462-2920.2006.01054.x
• Capkin, E., Terzi, E. & Altinok, I. (2015). Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in culturable bacteria isolated from Turkish trout farms and their local aquatic environment. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 114(2): 127-137. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02852
• Corum, O., Durna Corum, D., Er, A., Terzi, E. & Uney, K. (2018). Plasma and tissue disposition of danofloxacin in brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) after intravenous and intramuscular administrations. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 35(12): 2340-2347. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2018.1530458
• Corum, O., Terzi, E., Corum, D. D., Kenanoglu, O. N., Bilen, S. & Uney, K. (2020). Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration of marbofloxacin after oral and intravenous administration in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 514: 734510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. aquaculture.2019.734510
• Dawood, M. A., Eweedah, N. M., Moustafa, E. M. & Farahat, E. M. (2019). Probiotic effects of Aspergillus oryzae on the oxidative status, heat shock protein, and immune related gene expression of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under hypoxia challenge. Aquaculture, 520: 734669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734669
• Elbesthi, R. T. A., Yürüten Özdemir, K., Taştan, Y., Bilen, S. & Sönmez, A. Y. (2020). Effects of ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata) extract on blood parameters, immune response, antioxidant enzyme activities, and growth performance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 46(4): 1295-1307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-020-00790-z
• Ellis, A. (1990). Lysozyme assays. In: J. S. Stolen, T. C. Fletcher, D. P. Anderson, B. S. Robertson, W. B. Van Muiswinkel (Eds.), Techniques in Fish Immunology, vol. 1. Fair Haven, USA: SOS Publications.
• FAO. (2018). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018‐Meeting the sustainable development goals: FAO Rome, Italy.
• Jones, O. A. H., Voulvoulis, N. & Lester, J. (2004). Potential ecological and human health risks associated with the presence of pharmaceutically active compounds in the aquatic environment. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 34(4): 335-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10408440490464697
• Kaya, İ., İncekara, N. & Nemli, Y. (2004). Ege Bölgesi'nde Sebze Olarak Tüketilen Yabani Kuşkonmaz, Sirken, Yabani Hindiba, Rezene, Gelincik, Çoban Değneği ve Ebegümecinin Bazı Kimyasal Analizleri. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(1): 1-6.
• Mohamed, G. A., Amhamed, I. D., Almabrok, A. A., Barka, A. B. A., Bilen, S. & Elbeshti, R. T. (2018). Effect of celery (Apium graveolens) extract on the growth, haematology, immune response and digestive enzyme activity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 7(2): 51-59. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.457721
• Moustafa, E. M., Dawood, M. A., Assar, D. H., Omar, A. A., Elbialy, Z. I., Farrag, F. A., Shukry, M. & Zayed, M. M. (2020). Modulatory effects of fenugreek seeds powder on the histopathology, oxidative status, and immune related gene expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture, 515: 734589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. aquaculture.2019.734589
• Özdestan, Ö. & Üren, A. (2008). Ege bölgesinde sıklıkla tüketilen bazı otların nitrat ve nitrit içeriklerinin saptanması. Proceedings of the Türkiye 10. Gıda Kongresi, Erzurum, Turkey. pp. 41-44.
• Quade, M. J. & Roth, J. A. (1997). A rapid, direct assay to measure degranulation of bovine neutrophil primary granules. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 58(3-4): 239-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00048-2
• Rashidian, G., Kajbaf, K., Prokić, M. D. & Faggio, C. (2019). Extract of common mallow (Malvae sylvestris) enhances growth, immunity, and resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings against Yersinia ruckeri infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 96: 254-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.018
• Sahoo, P., Kumari, J. & Mishra, B. (2005). Non‐specific immune responses in juveniles of Indian major carps. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 21(2): 151-155. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2004.00606.x
• Siwicki, A. & Anderson, D. (1993). Immunostimulation in fish: Measuring the effects of stimulants by serological and immunological methods, the Nordic symposium on fish immunology. Lysekil, Sweden, 1-24.
• Siwicki, A. K., Anderson, D. P. & Rumsey, G. L. (1994). Dietary intake of immunostimulants by rainbow trout affects non-specific immunity and protection against furunculosis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 41(1-2): 125-139. https://doi.org/10. 1016/0165-2427(94)90062-0
• Sönmez, A., Özdemir, R. C. & Bilen, S. (2018). Cyclopamine Induced Expression of Immune-related Genes in Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Head Kidney Leukocytes. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh, 70: 1-8. IJA_70.2018.1560
• Sönmez, A. Y., Bilen, S., Alak, G., Hisar, O., Yanık, T. & Biswas, G. (2015). Growth performance and antioxidant enzyme activities in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles fed diets supplemented with sage, mint and thyme oils. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 41(1): 165-175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-014-0014-9
• Sönmez, A. Y., Bilen, S., Albayrak, M., Yılmaz, S., Biswas, G., Hisar, O. & Yanık, T. (2015). Effects of dietary supplementation of herbal oils containing 1, 8-cineole, carvacrol or pulegone on growth performance, survival, fatty acid composition, and liver and kidney histology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 15: 813-819. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v15_4_04
• Terzi, E. (2018). Antimicrobial resistance profiles and tetracycline resistance genes of Escherichia coli in Mediterranean mussel and sea snails collected from Black Sea, Turkey. Alınteri Zirai Bilimler Dergisi, 33(1): 43-49. https://doi.org/10.28955/alinterizbd.355019
• Terzi, E., Corum, O., Bilen, S., Kenanoglu, O. N., Atik, O. & Uney, K. (2020). Pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin in rainbow trout after different routes of administration. Aquaculture, 520: 734984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. aquaculture.2020.734984
• Tugay, O., Bağcı, I., Ulukuş, D., Özer, E. & Canbulat, M. A. (2012). Wild plants using as food of Kurucuova town (Beyşehir, Konya/Turkey). Biological Diversity and Conservation, 5: 140-145.