A Study on the Training and Education of Inspectors to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing in Turkey

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine present training conditions of inspectors and the current situation in Turkey to prevent, deter and eliminate IUU fishing within the scope of the training of qualified inspectors which was one of port states’ duties according to the PSMA to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate IUU Fishing. In Turkey, the inspectors of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the Command of Coast Guard had sufficient training according to the Annex-E of Article 17 of the PSMA to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate IUU Fishing. The trainings related to the provisions stated in the Annex-E of Article 17 of the PSMA to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate IUU Fishing should be planned or necessary studies should be carried out by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry for authorized institutions and organizations other than the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the Coast Guard Command. Legal arrangements should be made on the training of inspectors in order to prevent IUU fishing in the Fisheries Law.

Keywords

• PSMA
• IUU Fishing
• Inspector
• Training
• Education
• Turkey.

References

1. AA (www.aa.com.tr). (2021). Helicopter assisted poaching operation in Izmir. Retrieved on July 03, 2021 from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/izmirde-helikopter-destekli-kacak-avcilik-operasyonu-/2289121
2. Akman, E., & Bayram, T. (2018). Municipal police as private law enforcement force: A qualitative analysis of basic problems of municipal police in Isparta scale. Journal of the International Academy of Management, 1(3), 348-356. https://doi.org/10.33712/mana.502176
3. AMM (Ankara Metropolitan Municipality). (2021). Purchase Announcement for the First Time Appointment. Official Gazette, 29 May 2021, Number: 31495. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ilanlar/eskiilanlar/2021/05/20210529-4-11.pdf
4. Anonymous. (1934). Law Regulating the Tasks and Authorities of the Police. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 14 July 1934, Number: 2751, Article 2.
5. Anonymous. (1937). Security Affairs Law. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 12 June 1937, Number: 3629, Articles 1, 3, 4, 5, 8 and 9.
6. Anonymous. (1944). Law for the Formation of Headmanship and Council of Elderly of Neighbourhoods in Cities and Towns. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 15 April 1944, Number: 5682, Article 2.
7. Anonymous. (1945). The Statute on Headmanship and Council of Elderly in Cities and Towns the Headmanship and Council of Elderly. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 26 April 1945, Number: 5991, Article 32.
8. Anonymous. (1956). Forest Law. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 08 September 1956, Number: 9402, Articles 4 and 6.

9. Anonymous. (1961). Regulation on the Tasks of the Gendarmerie and Police in Provinces, Districts and Sub-Districts and their Authority Form and Interactions, the Area within the Municipality Borders of the Provinces and Districts. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 15 July 1961, Number: 10855, Article 3.
10. Anonymous. (1971). Fishery Law. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 04 April 1971, Number: 13799, Articles 16, 23, 26, 33 and 36.
11. Anonymous. (1982). Command of Coast Guard Law. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 13 July 1982, Number: 17753, Article 4.
12. Anonymous. (1983a). Law on the Organization, Tasks and Authorities of the Gendarmerie. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 12 March 1983, Number: 17985, Article 7.
13. Anonymous. (1983b). National Parks Law. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 11 August 1983, Number: 18132, Article 16.
14. Anonymous. (1995). Fishery Regulation. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 10 March 1995, Number: 22223, Articles 33, 34 and 35.
15. Anonymous. (1996). Regulation on the Fisherman Shelter. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 13 December 1996, Number: 22846, Article 20.
16. Anonymous. (2002). Bulk and Retail Sail Points of Fishery Regulation. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 19 June 2002, Number: 24790, Article 31.
17. Anonymous. (2004a). Metropolitan Municipality Law. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 23 July 2004, Number: 25531, Article 7.
18. Anonymous. (2004b). Regulation on the Production of Fishery. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 29 June 2004, Number: 25507, Article 23.
19. Anonymous. (2005). Municipality Law. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 13 July 2005, Number: 25874, Articles 14 and 51.
20. Anonymous. (2007). Regulation on Municipal Police Forces. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 11 April 2007, Number: 26490, Articles 10, 11, 13 and 28.
21. Anonymous. (2009). Customs Regulation. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 07 October 2009, Number: 27369 (Repeated), Article 72/L.
22. Anonymous. (2010a). The Veterinary Services, Plant Health, Food and Feed Law. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 13 June 2010, Number: 27610, Articles 1, 31 and 47.
23. Anonymous. (2010b). Law Regulating the Commerce of Fruits and Vegetables and Other Goods Enough Supply and Demand Level. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 26 March 2010, Number: 27533, Articles 1, 4, 17 18 and the first ad interim.
24. Anonymous. (2011). The Regulation on Appointment and Relocation of Forest Enforcement Officers, Forest Enforcement Officers. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 20 September 2011, Number: 29125, Article 12.
25. Anonymous. (2016). Regulation Forests Regarding Special Forests and Authorized Public Institutions. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 05 May 2016, Number: 29702, Article 10.
26. Anonymous. (2018). The Presidential Decree No: 1 on the Organization of the Presidential. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 10 July 2018, Number: 30474, Articles 412 and 416. APGC (Ankara Provincial Gendarmerie Command). (2021). Environmental Protection Teams and Their Duties. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from https://ankara.jandarma.gov.tr/cevre-koruma-timleri
27. Arslan, M. (2018). Transition from law enforcement power approach into law enforcement service approach in administrative law enforcement activities. Journal of Erciyes University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 52, 175-196. https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.306669
28. Atalay, M. A. (2015). Fishing. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from https://docplayer.biz.tr/29273806-Su-urunleri-avciligi-balikcilik-ve-su-urunleri-genel-mudurlugu-avcilik-ve-kontrol-daire-baskani-dr-m-altug-atalay.html
29. BM (Beşiktaş Municipality). (2015). Fisheries Law No. 1380 Training. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from https://besiktas.bel.tr/Sayfa/10002/1380-sayili-su-urunleri-kanunu-egitimi
30. Boto, I., La Peccerella, C., Scalco, S., & Tsamenyi, M. (2009). Fighting against Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing: Impacts and challenges for ACP countries. Brussels Rural Development Briefings A series of meetings on ACP-EU development issues, Briefing no. 10. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from https://brusselsbriefings.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/reader-br-10-iuu-fisheries-eng.pdf
31. ÇG (Çorum Governorate). (2019). In addition, trainings on Animal Breeding and Fisheries, Source of Life, Village Law No. 442 etc. were organized for the Neighborhood and Village Headmen by the Çorum Governorship (Training Program for Neighborhood and Village Headmen was Organized by our Governorship. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from http://www.corum.gov.tr/valiligimiz-tarafindan-mahalle-ve-koy-muhtarlarina-egitim-programi-duzenlendi
32. CGC (Command of Coast Guard). (2021). Illegal Fishing. Retrieved on July 01, 2021 from https://www.sg.gov.tr/yasa-disi-su-urunleri-avciligi
33. CH (Chatham House). (2009). Fifth International Forum on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/field/field_document/Meeting%20Summary%205th%20International%20Forum%20on%20Illegal%20Unreported%20and%20Unregulated%20Fishing.pdf
34. CH (Chatham House). (2018). Eleven International Forum on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from https://www.chathamhouse.org/events/all/research-event/11th-international-forum-illegal-unreported-and-unregulated-fishing
35. CH (Chatham House). (2020). Twelve International Forum on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from https://www.chathamhouse.org/events/all/research-event/12th-international-forum-illegal-unreported-and-unregulated-fishing
36. EC (European Commission). (2021). European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations, Turkey. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/countries/detailed-country-information/turkey_en
37. EU (European Union). (2011). Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate IUU fishing. Official Journal of the European Union, 22 July 2011, L 191/3-18., Articles 5 and 17.
38. FAO. (2001). International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate IUU Fishing. 25 p. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from http://www.fao.org/3/y1224e/Y1224E.pdf
39. FAO. (2007). Report of the Global Fisheries Enforcement Training Workshop. FAO/FishCode Review No.18, FI/FCR18. Rome, Italy. 66pp.
40. FAO. (2008a). Report of the Second Global Fisheries Enforcement Training Workshop. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report No. 885, FIIT/R885. Rome, Italy. 61pp.
41. FAO. (2008b). FAO Regional Workshop on Port State Measures to Combat Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. FAO Fisheries Report No. 859, FIEL/R859. Rome, Italy. 42pp.
42. FAO. (2009). Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate IUU Fishing, Articles 5 and 17. Retrieved on October 06, 2021 from http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/legal/docs/037t-e.pdf
43. FAO. (2017). Report of the Fifth Global Fisheries Enforcement Training Workshop. Series number: R1203. Rome, Italy. 159pp.
44. FAO. (2018). First PSMA inspectors' training course underway in the Port of Vigo. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from http://www.fao.org/port-state-measures/news-events/detail/en/c/1141795/
45. FAO. (2019). FAO continues ongoing capacity development work to implement the PSMA in Guinea. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from http://www.fao.org/port-state-measures/news-events/detail/en/c/1234375/
46. FAO. (2021). Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate IUU Fishing. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/legal/docs/037s-e.pdf
47. FAO. (2021). Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate IUU fishing, Article 17. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/legal/docs/037t-e.pdf
48. FCWC (The Fisheries Committee for the West Central Gulf of Guinea). (2011). Sixth International Forum on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from https://fcwc-fish.org/other-news/the-6th-international-forum-on-illegal-unreported-and-unregulated-iuu
49. GDS (The General Directorate of Security). (2021). The General Directorate of Security. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Türkiye_Cumhuriyeti_Emniyet_Genel_Müdürlüğü
50. GFETW (Global Fisheries Enforcement Training Workshop). (2021). Its first virtual Global Fisheries Enforcement Training Workshop. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from https://gfetw.org/
51. GGC (Gendarmerie General Command). (2021). Gendarmerie Environmental Protection Teams. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from https://www.jandarma.gov.tr/asayis/jandarma-cevre-koruma-timleri
52. Göktürk, D., & Deniz, T. (2017). Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing in Turkey: Effects on marine ecosystem and sustainable fisheries (pp. 2629-2638) In Arapgirlioglu, H., Atik, A., Elliott, R., Turgeon, E. (Eds.), Researches on Science and Art in 21st Century Turkey (volume 2). Gece Publishing.
53. Grant, S. (2010). Regional Action Plans, Caribbean Rfu: Belize. Belize City, Belize, ACP FISH II, 38p.
54. HC (www.haberler.com). (2010). Inspection of Tırıvırı. Retrieved on July 06, 2021 from http://www.haberler.com/sivas-ta-tiriviri-denetimi-yapildi-2105227-haberi/
55. HC (www.haberler.com). (2014). Inspection of Tırıvırı. Retrieved on July 06, 2021 from https://www.haberler.com/sivas-ta-4-bin-732-tiriviri-ele-gecirildi-6294759-haberi/
56. HC (www.haberler46.com.tr). (2015). Academic Fisheries Training for Marine. Retrieved on July 11, 2021 from https://www.haber46.com.tr/guncel/deniz-polisine-akademik-su-urunleri-egitimi-h42857.html
57. HT (Habertürk). (2021). The Ministry of Trade will Recruit Enforcement Officers What are the Terms of the Ministry of Trade Enforcement Officers Recruitment? Retrieved on October 07, 2021 from https://www.haberturk.com/ticaret-bakanligi-muhafaza-memuru-alimi-yapacak-ticaret-bakanligi-muhafaza-memuru-alimi-sartlari-neler-3138229-ekonomi
58. IASFA (Istanbul Amateur and Sports Fishing Association). (2019a). Amateur Fisherman Inspection. Retrieved on July 06, 2021 from https://www.isobder.org/haberler/amator-balikci-denetimi/
59. IASFA (Istanbul Amateur and Sports Fishing Association). (2019b). Marine Police Provided Training Under the Fisheries Law No. 1380. Retrieved on July 11, 2021 from https://www.isobder.org/haberler/deniz-polisine-1380-sayili-su-urunleri-kanunu-kapsaminda-egitim-verildi/
60. IPAFD (Izmir Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Directorate). (2015). Fisheries Fisheries Inspection Training Provided. Retrieved on July 11, 2021 from https://izmir.tarimorman.gov.tr/Haber/153/Su-Urunleri-Avcilik-Denetimi-Egitimi-Verildi
61. ISPAFD (Istanbul Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Directorate). (2020). Illegal travel hunting inspection. Retrieved on July 03, 2021 from https://istanbul.tarimorman.gov.tr/Haber/1285/Yasadisi-Trol-Avciligi-Denetimi
62. ISPAFD (Istanbul Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Directorate). (2015). Fisheries Inspection Training Given to Şişli Police. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from https://istanbul.tarimorman.gov.tr/Haber/246/Sisli-Zabitasina-Su-Urunleri-Denetim-Egitimi-Verildi
63. IUUWatch. (2017). Ten International Forum on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from http://www.iuuwatch.eu/2017/03/10th-international-forum-illegal-unreported-unregulated-fishing-chatham-house/
64. KN (Kariyet.net). (2021). What is a Customs Enforcement Officer? Retrieved on October 07, 2021 from https://www.kariyer.net/pozisyonlar/gumruk+muhafaza+memuru/nedir Limitada, K. (2007). Southern and Eastern Africa Forum to Counter IUU-Fishing. Maputa, Mozambique, Meeting Proceedings Volume 1, 39 p.
65. MAF (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry). (2021a). Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Units. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Sayfalar/TasraTeskilati.aspx
66. MAF (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry). (2021b). Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, In-service Training Programs. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Detay.aspx?SayfaId=6
67. MAFF-FGD (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Forrest General Directorate). (1996). The Regulation on the Duties and Working Principles of Forest Enforcement Officers. Ministry approval dated 06 March 1996 and numbered 4. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from https://www.ogm.gov.tr/tr/e-kutuphane-sitesi/mevzuat-sitesi/Yonetmelikler/Orman%20Muhafaza%20Memurlar%C4%B1%20G%C3%B6rev%20Ve%20%C3%87al%C4%B1%C5%9Fma%20Esaslar%C4%B1%20Hakk%C4%B1nda%20Y%C3%B6netmelik.pdf .
68. MM (Maritime Magazine). (2021). Trawler gates and nets were confiscated in Marmara. Retrieved on July 03, 2021 from https://www.denizcilikdergisi.com/denizcilik-gundem-haberleri/marmarada-trol-kapilari-ile-aglari-el-konuldu/
69. Mobiha, A. (2010). Regional Action Plans, Pacific Rfu: Honiara, Solomon Islands. Honiara, Solomon Islands, ACP FISH II, 34p.
70. NFDS (Nordenfjeldske Development Services). (2016). Nine International Forum on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from https://nfds.info/news/9th-international-forum-on-illegal-unreported-and-unregulated-fishing-at-chatham-house/
71. Njifonjou, O. (2010). Regional Action Plans, Central Africa Rfu: Libreville, Gabon. Libreville - Gabon, ACP FISH II, 33p.
72. Öztürk, B. (2013). Some remarks of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing in Turkish part of the Black Sea. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 19(2), 256˗267.
73. Öztürk, B. (2015). Nature and extent of the illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing in the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 21(1), 67–91.
74. Purvis, J., & Mindjimba, K. (2010). Regional Action Plans, Eastern Africa Rfu: Kampala, Uganda. Nakasero Road, Kampala, UGANDA, ACP FISH II, 35p.
75. RTMT (The Republic of Turkey Ministry of Trade). (2021). The Republic of Turkey Ministry of Trade. Retrieved on October 07, 2021 from https://ticaret.gov.tr/
76. Sall, A. (2010). Regional Action Plans, Western Africa Rfu: Dakar, Senegal. Dakar, Senegal, ACP FISH II, 39pp.
77. Soydan, T., & Ünal, M. (2019). Gümrük ve Ticaret Bakanlığı’nda aday gümrük muhafaza ve muayene memurlarına yönelik olarak gerçekleştirilen hizmetiçi eğitim çalışmalarının değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of in-service training studies achieved in the Ministry of Customs and Trade for adoptional customs enforcements and customs inspection members]. Milli Eğitim, 48(223), 361-378.
78. Tarabusi, L. (2010). Regional Action Plans, Southern Africa Rfu: Maputo, Mozambique. Maputa, Mozambique, ACP FISH II, 38pp.
79. Tuna-org. (2011). Report of the Workshop on Capacity Building of Developing States for Port State Measures and Catch Documentation Schemes. Seoul, Korea. 7 pp.
80. Wirajuda, S., Long, T., Wirajuda, H., As, H. V., Bergh, P. E., Brett, A., Copeland, D., Fernandez, M., Gusman, A., Juwana, S., Ruchimat, T., Trent, S., & Wilcox, C. (2019). Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and associated drivers. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Retrieved on July 24, 2021 from https://oceanpanel.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/HLP%20Blue%20Paper%20on%20IUU%20Fishing%20and%20Associated%20Drivers.pdf