Population, Aquaculture and Transplantation Applications of Critically Endangered Species Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus 1758) in the Mediterranean Sea

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4, 350 - 369, 29.12.2021

Sefa Acarlı

https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.627562

Cited By: 8

Öz

The population of fan mussel, Pinna nobilis across the Mediterranean Sea has been affected by factors such as overfishing, fisheries processes, environmental pollution, destruction of habitat, tourism, etc. Therefore, the species P. nobilis was taken under protection by the Decisions of the Council of Europe and Barcelona Convention. However, its mortality rates of 100% have been reported to be due to Haplosporidium pinnae, a parasite in different Mediterranean regions. The status of P. nobilis has thus been revised to be reduced from “Vulnerable” to “Critically Endangered” and the importance of all the studies on the species further increased. The aim of the study is to present the current status of P. nobilis, the native to the Mediterranean, by combining the relevant studies on ecology, aquacultural process (larvae, spat settlement and rearing), culture methods and transplantation. The present study has provided comprehensive knowledge on the current status P. nobilis population, aquaculture and transplantation activities. Except for studies to determine stocks, in particular, those on collecting young individuals from nature and planting and growing them in predetermined sites as well as their production through various cultures from their larval phase onwards are of great importance in terms of rehabilitation and sustenance of the damaged P. nobilis population. Therefore, alternative and potential habitats should be created thanks to transplantation and aquaculture. Marine protected areas should be determined to enable a healthy P. nobilis population to be sustained.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Critically endangered species, Pinna nobilis, Fan mussel, Aquaculture, Transplantation

Kaynakça

• Acarli, D., Acarli, S., & Öktener, A. (2020). Mass mortality report of critically endangered fan mussel (Pinna nobilis, Linnaeus 1758) from Cunda Island, Ayvalık (Aegean Sea, Turkey). Acta Natura et Scientia, 1(1), 109-117. https://doi.org/10.29329/actanatsci.2020.313.12
• Acarli, S., Acarli, D., & Kale, S. (2021a). Current status of critically endangered fan mussel Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus 1758) population in Çanakkale Strait, Turkey. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 10(1), 62-70. https://doi.org/110.33714/masteb.793885
• Acarli, D., Acarli, S., & Kale, S. (2021b). The effects of mucilage event on the population of critically endangered Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus 1758) in Ocaklar Bay (Marmara Sea, Turkey). Acta Natura et Scientia, 2(2), 148-158. https://doi.org/10.29329/actanatsci.2021.350.09
• Acarli, S., Lok, A., Yigitkurt, S., & Palaz, M. (2011a). Culture of fan mussel (Pinna nobilis, Linnaeus 1758) in relation to size on suspended culture system in Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea, Turkey. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(6), 995-1002.
• Acarli, S., Lök, A., & Acarli, D. (2011b). Preliminary spat settlement of fan mussel Pinna nobilis Linnaeus 1758 on a mesh bag collector in Karantina Island (Eastern Aegean Sea, Turkey). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 20(10), 2501-2507.
• Acarli, S., Lök, A., Acarli, D., & Kırtık, A. (2018). Reproductive cycle and biochemical composition in the adductor muscle of the endangered species fan mussel (Pinna nobilis, Linnaeus 1758) from the Aegean Sea. Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(10), 6506-6518.
• Acarli, S., Lök, A., Acarli, D., Serdar, S., Küçükdermenci, A., Yiğitkurt, S., Kırtık, A., & Güler, M. (2010). Urla karantina adası civarında dağılım gösteren pina (Pinna nobilis, Linnaeus 1758) kabukları üzerine tutunan makrobentik türler. Türkiye’nin Kıyı ve Deniz Alanları VIII. Ulusal Konferansı, Turkey. pp. 741-746.
• Acarli, S., Lök, A., Kirtik, A., Acarli, D., Serdar, S., Kucukdermenci, A., Yigitkurt, S., Yildiz, H., & Saltan, A. N. (2015). Seasonal variation in reproductive activity and biochemical composition of flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) in the Homa Lagoon, Izmir Bay, Turkey. Scientia Marina, 79(4), 487-495. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04202.16A
• Acarli, S., Vural, P., & Öktener, A. (2019). Association between the crab, Nepinnotheres pinnotheres (Linnaeus, 1758), and the endangered species fan mussel, Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758), from the Aegean Sea, Turkey. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 34(2), 169-174. https://doi.org/10.28955/alinterizbd.639029
• Addis, P., Secci, M., Brundu, G., Manunza, A., Corrias, S., & Cau, A. (2009). Density, size structure, shell orientation and epibiontic colonization of the fan mussel Pinna nobilis L. 1758 (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in three contrasting habitats in an estuarine area of Sardinia (W Mediterranean). Scientia Marina, 73(1), 143-152. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2009.73n1143
• Aktan, Y., Dede, A., & Çiftçi Türetken, P. S. (2008). Mucilage event associated with diatoms and dinoflagellates in Sea of Marmara, Turkey. Harmful Algae News: An IOC Newsletter on Toxic Algae and Algal Blooms, 36, 1-3.
• Angel-Dapa, M. A. (2015). Evaluación De La Dinámica Energética Y El Desempeño Reproductivo Y Larvario Del Callo De Hacha Atrina maura (Bivalvia: Pinnidae). [Ph.D. Thesis, Instituto Politécnico Nacional] (In Spanish).
• Angel-Dapa, M. A., Arellano-Martínez, M., Ceballos-Vásquez, B. P., Robles-Mungaray, M., Robles-Rocha, E., Camacho-Mondragón, M. A., & Saucedo, P. E. (2015). Reproductive and larval performance of the pen shell Atrina maura in relation to the origin and condition of broodstock. Journal of Shellfish Research, 34(2), 401-408. https://doi.org/10.2983/035.034.0223
• Arizpe, C. O. (1995). Mortality, growth and somatic secondary production of the bivalve, Pinna rugosa (sowerby), in suspended and bottom culture in Bahia de La Paz, Mexico. Aquaculture Research, 26(11), 843-853. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1995.tb00878.x
• Aucoin, S., & Himmelman, J. H. (2011). Factors determining the abundance, distribution and population size–structure of the pen shell Pinna carnea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of UK, 91(3), 593–606. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315410001360
• Baik, S. H., Kim, K. J., Choo, J. J., & Park, K. H. (2001). Seasonal variations in biochemical components of the visceral mass and adductor muscle in the pen shell, Atrina pectinanta. Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology, 4(1), 18-24.
• Baker, P. (1997). Settlement site selection by oyster larvae, Crassostrea virginica: Evidence for geotaxis. Journal of Shellfish Research, 16(1), 125-128.
• Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Durmuş, T., & Balci, M., (2021). A preliminary study on the intense pelagic and benthic mucilage phenomenon observed in the Sea of Marmara. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 8(4), 414-422. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.954787
• Barbeau, M. A., Hatcher, B. G., Scheibling, R. E., Hennigar, A. W., Taylor, L. H., & Risk, A. C. (1996). Dynamics of juvenile sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) and their predators in bottom seeding trials in Lunenburg Bay, Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53, 2494-2512. https://doi.org/10.1139/f96-202
• Basso, L., Vázquez-Luis, M., García-March, J. R., Deudero, S., Alvarez, E., Vicente, N., Duarte, I. E., & Hendriks, I. E. (2015). The pen shell, Pinna nobilis: A review of population status and recommended research priorities in the Mediterranean Sea. Advances in Marine Biology, 71, 109-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.amb.2015.06.002
• Bayne, B. L. (1976). Aspects of reproduction in bivalve molluscs. In Wiley, M. (Ed.), Estuarine processes: Use, stresses and adaptation to the estuary (pp. 432-448). Academic Press.
• Becker, C., & Türkay, M. (2017). Host specificity and feeding in European pea crabs (Brachyura, Pinnotheridae). Crustaceana, 90(7-10), 819-844. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003661
• Beer, C., & Southgate, P. C. (2006). Spat collection, growth and meat yield of Pinna bicolor (Gmelin) in suspended culture in northern Australia. Aquaculture, 258(1-4), 424-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.04.014
• Boolootian, R. A, Farmanfarmaian, A., & Giese, A. C. (1962). On the reproductive cycle and breeding habits of two western species of Haliotis. The Biological Bulletin, 122(2), 183-193. https://doi.org/10.2307/1539587
• Bottari, T., Spinelli, A., Busalacchi, B., Rinelli, P., & Salvatore, G. (2017). Transplant trials of the fan mussel Pinna nobilis inside the coastal lagoon of Capo Peloro (Central Mediterranean, Italy). Journal of Shellfish Research, 36(1), 3-8.
• Buitrago, E., & Alvarado D. (2005). A highly efficient oyster spat collector made with recycled materials. Aquacultural Engineering, 33(1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2004.11.003
• Butler, A., Vicente, N., & de Gaulejac, B. (1993). Ecology of the pterioid bivalves Pinna bicolor Gmelin and Pinna nobilis L. Marine Life, 3(1-2), 37-45.
• Capó, X., Tejada, S., Box, A., Deudero, S., & Sureda, A. (2015). Oxidative status assessment of the endemic bivalve Pinna nobilis affected by the oil spill from the sinking of the Don Pedro. Marine Environmental Research, 110, 19-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.07.013
• Cardoza-Velasco, F., & Maeda-Martínez, A. N. (1997). An approach to aquacultural production of the penshell, Atrina maura Sowerby, 1835 (Bivalvia: Pinnidae) in Northwest Mexico. Journal of Shellfish Research: Abstracts of Technical Papers Presented at the 89th Annual Meeting, 16(1), 311.
• Carella, F., Aceto, S., F., Polloro, Miccio, A., Laria, C., Carassco, N., Prado, P., & De Vico, G. (2019). A mycobacterial disease is associated with the silent mass mortality of the pen shell Pinna nobilis along the Tyrrhenian coastline of Italy. Scientific Reports, 9, 2725. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37217-y
• Caronni, S., Cristo, B., & Torelli, A. (2007). Tentativi di reimpianto del mollusco bivalve Pinna nobilis (Linneo, 1758) in una AMP della Sardegna [Attempts to transplant the Bivalve Pinna nobilis (Linneo, 1758) in a Sardinian marine protected area]. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 14(2), 98-99.
• Catanese, G., Grau, A., Valencia, J. M., Garcia-March, J. R., Vázquez-Luis, M., Alvarez, E., Deudero, S., Darriba, S., Carballal, M. J., & Villalba, A. (2018). Haplosporidium pinnae sp. nov., a haplosporidan parasite associated with mass mortalities of the fan mussel, Pinna nobilis, in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 157, 9-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2018.07.006
• Çelik, M. Y., Karayücel, S., Karayücel, İ., Eyüboğlu, B., & Öztürk, R. (2013). The effects of environmental factors on survival, growth and biochemical composition of transplanted oysters. (Ostrea edulis Linnaeus, 1758) from Aegean Sea to southern Black Sea. Aquaculture Research, 46(4), 959-968 https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12253
• Cendejas, J. M., Carvallo, M. G., & Juarez, L. M. (1985). Experimental spat collection and early growth of the pen shell, Pinna rugosa (Pelecypoda: Pinnidae), from the Gulf of California. Aquaculture, 48(3-4), 331-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(85)90135-8
• Chung, E. Y., Baik S. H., & Ryu, D. K. (2006). Reproductive biology of the pen shell, Atrina (Servatrina) pectinata on the Boryeong coastal waters of Korea. Korean. Journal of Malacology, 22(2), 143-150.
• Cinar, M. E., Bilecenoğlu, M., Yokeş, M. B., & Güçlüsoy, H. (2021). The last fortress fell: mass mortality of Pinna nobilis in the Sea of Marmara. Mediterranean Marine Science, 22(3), 669-676. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.27137
• Coppa, S., Guala, G.A., De Lucia, G.A., Massaro, G., & Bressan, M. (2010). Density and distribution patterns of the endangered species Pinna nobilis within a Posidonia oceanica meadow in the Gulf of Oristano (Italy). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 90(5), 885-894. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531540999141X
• Coronel, J. S. (1981). Estudio gonadal de Pinna rugosa (Sowerby, 1835) Pinnidae, Mollusca, en el período comprendido entre agosto de 1979 y diciembre de 1980 en la Bahía de La Paz. [Ph.D. Thesis. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur].
• Czihak, G., & Dierl, W. (1961). Pinna nobilis L.: eine Präparationsanleitung. G. Fischer.
• Darriba, S. (2017). First haplosporidan parasite reported infecting a member of the Superfamily Pinnoidea (Pinna nobilis) during a mortality event in Alicante (Spain, Western Mediterranean). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 148, 14-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2017.05.006
• Davenport, J., Ezgeta-Balić, D., Peharda, M., Skejić, S., Ninčević-Gladan, Ž., & Matijević, S. (2011). Size-differential feeding in Pinna nobilis L. (Mollusca: Bivalvia): Exploitation of detritus, phytoplankton and zooplankton. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 92(2), 246-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2010.12.033
• De Gaulejac, B. (1993). Etude écophysiologique du mollusque bivalve méditerranéen Pinna nobilis L. reproduction; croissance; respiration. [Ph.D. Thesis. Université d’Aix-Marseille].
• De Gaulejac, B., & Vicente, N. (1990). Ecologie de P. nobilis (L.) mollusque bivalve sur les côtes de Corse. Essais de transplantation et expériences en milieu contrôlé. Haliotis, 20, 83-100.
• De Gaulejac, B., Henry, M., & Vicente, N. (1995). An ultrastructural study of gametogenesis of the marine bivalve Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus 1758) I. oogenesis. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 61(3), 375-392. https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/61.3.375
• Guzman Del Proo, S.A., Carillo-Laguna, J., Belmar-Perez, J., Carreon-Palau, L., & Castro, A. (2004). Transplanting of wild and cultivated juveniles of green abalone (Haliotis fulgens Philippi 1845): growth and survival. Journal of Shellfish Research, 23(3), 855-861.
• Demirci, A., & Acarlı, S. (2019). Estimation growth parameters of endangered the fan mussel species (Pinna nobilis L.) by using different growth models from Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea, Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 28(10), 7368-7374.
• Deudero, S., Grau, A., Vázquez-Luis, M., Álvarez, E., Alomar, C., & Hendriks, I. (2017). Reproductive investment of the pen shell Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758 in Cabrera National Park (Spain). Mediterranean Marine Science, 18(2), 271-284. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.1645
• Deudero, S., Vázquez-Luis, M. & Álvarez, E. (2015). Human stressors are driving coastal benthic long-lived sessile fan mussel Pinna nobilis population structure more than environmental stressors. PLoS ONE, 10(7), e0134530. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134530
• Emerson, C. W., Grant, J., Mallet, A., & Carver, C. (1994). Growth and survival of sea scallops Placopecten magelleanicus: effects of culture depth. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 108(1-2), 119-132. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108119
• Escamilla-Montes, R., Diarte-Plata, G., Luna-González, A., Fierro-Coronado, J. A., Esparza-Leal, H. M., Granados-Alcantar, S., & Ruiz-Verdugo, C. A. (2017). Ecology, fishery and aquaculture in Gulf of California, Mexico: pen shell Atrina maura (Sowerby, 1835). In: Ray, S. (Ed.), Organismal and Molecular Malacology. InTech Open.
• Espinosa, F., González, A. R., Maestre, M. J., Fa, D. A., Guerra‐García, J. M., & García‐Gómez, J. C. (2008). Responses of the endangered limpet Patella ferruginea to reintroduction under different environmental conditions: survival, growth rates and life‐history, Italian Journal of Zoology, 75(4), 371-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250000801887740
• Fischer, W., Bauchot, M. L., & Schneider, M. (1987). Fiches FAO d’identification des espèces pour les besoins de la pêche. (Revision 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Volume I. Végëtaux et Invertébrés. Rome, FAO.
• Flander-Putrle, V., & Malej, A. (2008). The evolution and phytoplankton composition of mucilaginous aggregates in the northern Adriatic Sea. Harmful Algae, 7(6), 752-761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2008.02.009
• García-March, J. R. (2005). Aportaciones al conocimiento de la biología de Pinna nobilis Linneo, 1758 (Mollusca Bivalvia) en el litoral mediterráneo ibérico. [Ph.D. Thesis. Universitat de València].
• García-March, J. R., & Vicente, N. (2006). Protocol to study and monitor Pinna nobilis populations within marine protected areas. Malta Environment and Planning Authority.
• García-March, J. R., García-Carrascosa, A. M., Peña Cantero, A. L., & Wang, Y. -G. (2007). Population structure, mortality and growth of Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758 (Mollusca, Bivalvia) at different depths in Moraira Bay (Alicante, Western Mediterranean). Marine Biology, 150(5), 861-871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-006-0386-1
• García-March, J. R., Sanchís Solsona, M. Á., & García-Carrascosa, A. M. (2008). Shell gaping behaviour of Pinna nobilis L., 1758: circadian and circalunar rhythms revealed by in situ monitoring. Marine Biology, 153, 689-698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-007-0842-6
• Giacobbe, S. (2002). Epibiontic mollusc communities on Pinna nobilis L. (Bivalvia, Mollusca). Journal of Natural History, 36(12), 1385-1396. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930110056892
• Gómez Hernández, M. M. (2011). Crecimiento somático y mortalidad del “callo de hacha chino” Atrina maura (Sowerby, 1835) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) durante su cultivo larvario. [Somatic growth and mortality of Penshell, Atrina maura (Sowerby, 1835) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in larval culture]. [Ph.D. Thesis. Universidad Del Mar].
• Gongora-Gomez, A., Garcia-Ulloa, M., Arellano-Martínez, M., Abad, S., Dominguez, A., & Ponce-Palafox, J. (2016a). Annual reproductive cycle and growth of the pen shell Atrina maura (Pterioidea: Pinnidae) on sand-bottom culture in the Ensenada Pabellones lagoon system, Gulf of California, Mexico. Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 60(1), 28-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2015.1126535
• Góngora-Gómez, A.M., García-Ulloa, M., Hernández-Sepúlveda, J.A., Domínguez-Orozco, A.L., & Sainz-Hernández, J.C. (2016b). Crecimiento y supervivencia del callo de hacha Atrina maura (Bivalvia: Pinnidae) cultivado en la costa sureste del Golfo de California, México. [Growth and survival of pen shell Atrina maura (Bivalvia: Pinnidae) cultured in the southeastern coast of the Gulf of California, Mexico]. Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía, 51(3), 665-673. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-19572016000300017
• Góngora-Gómez, A. M., Hernández-Sepúlveda, J. A., Domínguez-Orozco, A. L., Villanueva- Fonseca, B. P., & García-Ulloa, M. (2015). Crecimiento, supervivencia y condición del callo de hacha Atrina maura (Sowerby, 1835) (Bivalvia: Pinnidae) en el estero La Piedra, Sinaloa, México. [Growth, survival and condition of the pen shell Atrina maura (Sowerby, 1835) (Bivalvia: Pinnidae) in La Piedra estuary, Sinaloa, México]. Avances en Investigación Agropecuaria, 19(3), 73-86.
• Gosling, E. (2003). Bivalve molluscs: Biology, ecology and culture. Fishing News Books, Blackwell Science.
• Grave, B. H. (1911). Anatomy and physiology of the wing-shell Atrina rigida. University of Michigan Library.
• Gregori, M., Villón J., Jara, F., Gonzabay-Tomalá, P., & Freites, L., (2019). Spatial and temporal spatfall of the winged pearl oyster Pteria sterna (Gould,1851), in Equatorial coasts. Aquaculture, 511, 734258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734258
• Hayward, P. J., & Ryland, J. S. (1995). Handbook of the marine fauna of north-west Europe. Oxford University Press.
• Helm, M. M., & Bourne, N. (2004). Hatchery culture of bivalves: A practical manual. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 471 Rome, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.
• Hendriks, I. E., Tenan, S., Tavecchia, G., Marbà, N., Jordà, G., Deudero, S., Álvarez, E., & Duarte, C. M. (2013). Boat anchoring impacts coastal populations of the pen shell, the largest bivalve in the Mediterranean. Biological Conservation, 160, 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.01.012
• Hernandis, S., Garcia-March, J. R., Sanchís, M. A., Monleon, S., Vincente, N., & Tena, J. (2018). Temperature regulates the switch between light-synchronized and unsynchronized activity patterns in the subtidal bivalve Pinna nobilis. Mediterranean Marine Science, 19(2), 366-375. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.14158
• Hignette, M. (1983). Croissance de Pinna nobilis Linne (Mollusque eulamelibranche) après implantation dans la réserve sous-marine de Monaco. Rapports et procès-verbaux des réunions Commission internationale pour l'exploration scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée, 28(3), 237-238.
• Halla, M. I., Kassila, J., Chattou, E. M. A., Ouaggajou, Y., El Aamri, F., Benbani, A., & Nhhala, H. (2018). Depth and seasonal effects on the settlement density of two mussel species (Perna perna and Mytilus galloprovincialis) in offshore, Agadir (Morocco). European Scientific Journal, 14(12), 229-240. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n12p229
• Katsanevakis, S., & Thessalou-Legaki, M. (2009). Spatial distribution, abundance and habitat use of the protected fan mussel Pinna nobilis in Souda Bay, Crete. Aquatic Biology, 8(1), 45-54. https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00204
• Katsanevakis, S. (2005). Population ecology of the endangered fan mussel Pinna nobilis in a marine lake. Endangered Species Research, 1, 51-59.
• Katsanevakis, S. (2007). Growth and mortality rates of the fan mussel Pinna nobilis in Lake Vouliagmeni (Korinthiakos Gulf, Greece): a generalized additive modelling approach. Marine Biology, 152, 1319–1331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-007-0781-2
• Katsanevakis, S. (2016). Transplantation as a conservation action to protect the Mediterranean fan mussel Pinna nobilis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 546, 113-122. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11658
• Katsanevakis, S., Tsirintanis, K., Tsaparis, D., Doukas, D., Sini, M., Athanassopoulou, F., Nikolaos Κolygas, M., Tontis, D., Koutsoubas, D., & Bakopoulos, V. (2019). The cryptogenic parasite Haplosporidium pinnae invades the Aegean Sea and causes the collapse of Pinna nobilis populations. Aquatic Invasions, 14(2), 150-164. https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2019.14.2.01
• Kawahara, I., Yamaguchi, T., Ohkuma, H., & Ito, S. (2004). Larval rearing and metamorphosis of the pen-shell, Atrina pectinata in Ariake Sound. Bulletin of Saga Prefectural Ariake Fisheries Research and Development Centre, 22, 41-46.
• Kersting, D. K., & García-March, J. R. (2017). Long-term assessment of recruitment, early stages and population dynamics of the endangered Mediterranean fan mussel Pinna nobilis in the Columbretes Islands (NW Mediterranean). Marine Environmental Research, 130, 282-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.08.007
• Kersting, D. K., & Hendriks, I. E. (2019). Short guidance for the construction, installation and removal of Pinna nobilis larval collectors. IUCN. 6pp.
• Kožul, V., Glavić, N, Bolotin, J., & Antolović, N. (2013). Growth of the fan mussel Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in experimental cages in the South Adriatic Sea. Aquaculture Research, 44(1), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.03003.x
• Kožul, V., Glavić, N., Bolotin, J., & Antolović, N. (2011). The experimental rearing of fan mussel Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758). Proceedings of the 46th Croatian and 6th International Symposium on Agriculture, Croatia. pp. 803-806.
• Kurtay, E., Lök, A., Kırtık, A., Küçükdermenci, A., & Yiğitkurt, S. (2018). Spat recruitment of endangered Bivalve Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) at two different depths in Izmir Bay, Turkey. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 59(6), 501-507. http://doi.org/10.21411/cbm.a.43183913
• Künili, İ. E., Ertürk Gürkan, S., Aksu, A., Turgay, E., Çakir, F., Gürkan, M., & Altinağaç, U. (2021). Mass mortality in endangered fan mussels Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus 1758) caused by co-infection of Haplosporidium pinnae and multiple Vibrio infection in Çanakkale Strait, Turkey. Biomarkers, 26(5), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354750X.2021.1910344
• Leal-Soto, S., Barraza-Guardado, R., Castro-Longoria, R., Chávez-Villalba, J., & Hoyos-Cháirez, F. (2011). Cultivation of pen shells: an example with Atrina maura in Northwestern Mexico. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 42(6), 789-800. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2011.00528.x
• Lee, Y.-J., Choi, K.-S., Lee, D.-S., Lee, W.C., Park, H.J., Choy, E.J., Kim, H.C., & Kang, C.-K. (2015). The role of the adductor muscle as an energy storage organ in the pen shell Atrina japonica (Reeve, 1858). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 81(4), 502-511. https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyv025
• Leyva-Valencia, I., Maeda-Martínez, A.N., Sicard, M.T., Roldan, L., & Robles-Mungaray, M. (2001). Halotolerance, upper thermotolerance, and optimum temperature for growth of the penshell Atrina maura (Sowerby, 1835) (Bivalvia: Pinnidae). Journal of Shellfish Research, 20(1), 49-54.
• Liang, X. Y., & Morton, B. (1988). The pallial organ of Atrina pectinata (Bivalvia: Pinnidae): its structure and function. Journal of Zoology, 216(3), 469-477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1988.tb02443.x
• Lodeiros, C., Pico, D., Prieto, A., Narváez, N., & Guerra, A. (2002). Growth and survival of the pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata (Röding 1758) in supended and bottom culture in the Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. Aquaculture International, 10(4), 327-338. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022451608405
• Lök, A., & Acarli, S. (2006). Preliminary settlement studies of flat oyster (Ostrea edulis, L.) on oyster and mussel shell collectors in Karantina Island (Turkey). The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh, 58(2), 105-115. https://doi.org/10.46989/001c.20434
• Lök, A., & Yolkolu, S. (1999). İstiridye yavrularının (spat) toplanmasında kullanılan kollektör tipleri. Sualtı Bilim ve Teknolojisi Toplantısı Bildiriler Kitabı, Turkey. pp. 109-113.
• Maeda-Martínez, A. N. (2008). Estado actual del cultivo de bivalvos en México. In Lovatelli, A., Farías, A., Uriarte, I. (Eds.), Estado actual del cultivo y manejo de moluscos bivalvos y su proyección futura: factores que afectan su sustentabilidad en América Latina. Taller Técnico Regional de la FAO, 20–24 de agosto de 2007. Puerto Montt, Chile, FAO Actas de Pesca y Acuicultura, No 12. Roma. FAO. pp. 91-100.
• Maeno, Y., Suzuki, K., Yurimoto, T., Fuseya, R., Kiyomoto, S., Ohashi, S., & Oniki, H. (2009). Maturation process of broodstock of the pen shell Atrina pectinata (Linnaeus, 1767) in suspension culture. Journal of Shellfish Research, 28(3), 561-568. https://doi.org/10.2983/035.028.0319
• McCoy E. W., & Chongpeepien, T. (Eds.) (1988). Bivalve Mollusc Culture Research in Thailand. ICLARM Technical Reports 19. Department of Fisheries, Bangkok, Thailand; International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines; and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusarnmenarbeit (GTZ), GmbH, Eschborn, Federal Republic of Germany.
• Mendo, T., Koch, V., Wollf, M., Sínsel, F., & Ruiz-Verdugo, C. (2011). Feasibility of intertidal bottom culture of the penshell Atrina maura in Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Aquaculture, 314(1-4), 252–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.01.044
• Mihailinović, M. (1955). Lostura. Morsko Ribarstvo, 7(5), 113-114.
• Miranda-Baeza, A. (1995). El callo de hacha, un molusco con gran potencial en acuacultura. Panorama Acuícola 1, 12–13.
• Morton, B., & Puljas, S. (2019). An improbable opportunistic predator: the functional morphology of Pinna nobilis (Bivalvia: Pterioida: Pinnidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 99(2), 359-373. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315418000267
• Najdek, M., Blažina, M., Ezgeta-Balić, D., & Pherda, M. (2013). Diets of fan shells (Pinna nobilis) of different sizes: fatty acid profiling of digestive gland and adductor muscle. Marine Biology, 160(4), 921-930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-012-2144-x
• Narváez, N., Lodeiros, C., Freites, L., Núñez, M., Pico, D., & Prieto, A. (2000). Abundance and growth of Pinna carnea (Mytiloida: Pinnacea) juveniles in suspended-frame culture. Revista de Biología Tropical, 48(4), 785-797.
• Natalotto, A., Sureda, A., Maisano, M., Spanò, N., Mauceri, A., & Deudero, S. (2015). Biomarkers of environmental stress in gills of Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus 1758) from Balearic Island. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,122, 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.06.035
• Ohashi S., Fujii, A., Oniki H., Osako, K., Maeno, Y., & Yoshikoshi, K. (2008). The rearing of the pen shell Atrina pectinata larvae and juveniles (Preliminary note). Aquaculture Science, 56(2), 181-191.
• Öndes, F., Alan, V., Akçalı, B., & Güçlüsoy, H. (2020). Mass mortality of the fan mussel, Pinna nobilis in Turkey (eastern Mediterranean). Marine Ecology, 41(5), e12607. https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12607
• Powell, E. N., Klinck, J. M., Hofmann, E. E., & Ford, S. (1997). Varying the timing of oyster transplant: implications for management from simulation studies. Fisheries Oceanography, 6(4), 213–237
• Qiu, T., Zhang, T., Bai, Y., Xue, D., & Pan, Y. (2014). Gonad development of the pen shell Atrina pectinata from Shandong Province, China. Journal of Shellfish Research, 33(2), 465-471. https://doi.org/10.2983/035.033.0215
• Rabaoui, L., Belgacem, W., Ismail, D. B., Mansour L., & Tlig-Zouari, S. (2015). Engineering effect of Pinna nobilis shells on benthic communities. Oceanologia, 57(3), 271-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2015.03.002
• Rabaoui, L., Zouari, S. T., & Hassine, O. K. B. (2008). Two species of Crustacea (Decapoda) associated with the fan mussel, Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758 (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Crustaceana, 81(4), 433-446. https://doi.org/10.2307/20111407
• Richardson, C. A., Peharda, M., Kennedy, H., Kennedy, P., & Onofri, V. (2004). Age, growth rate and season of recruitment of Pinna nobilis (L) in the Croatian Adriatic determined from Mg: Ca and Sr: Ca shell profiles. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 299(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2003.08.012
• Richardson, C. A., Kennedy, H., Duarte, C. M., Kennedy, D. P. & Proud, S. V. (1999). Age and growth of the fan mussel Pinna nobilis from south–east Spanish Mediterranean seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadows. Marine Biology, 133, 205-212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270050459
• Roberts, D. (1984). A comparative study of Lasaea australis, Vulsella spongiarum, Pinna bicolor and Donacilla cuneata (Mollusca; Bivalvia) from Princess Royal Harbour, Western Australia, Journal of Molluscan Studies, 50(3), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065859
• Robles-Mungaray, M. (2004). Desarrollo de la biotecnología para la producción de semilla en laboratorio, diploide y triploide de callo de hacha Atrina maura (Sowerby, 1835). [M.Sc. Thesis. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur].
• Rouanet, E., Trigos, S., & Vicente, N. (2015). From youth to death of old age: the 50-year story of a Pinna nobilis fan mussel population at Port-Cros Island (Port-Cros National Park, Provence, Mediterranean Sea). Scientific Reports of Port-Cros National Park, 29, 209-222.
• Ruitton, S., & Lefebvre, C. (2021). Toward a recovery of the pen shell Pinna nobilis in the French Mediterranean open sea?. Scientific Reports of the Port-Cros National Park, 35, 429-434.
• Safi, K. A., Hewitt, J. E., & Talman, S. G. (2007). The effect of high inorganic seston loads on prey selection by the suspension-feeding bivalve, Atrina zelandica. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 344(2), 136-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2006.12.023
• Saucedo, P. E., Bervera-León, H., Monteforte, M., Southgate, P., & Monsalvo-Spencer, P. (2005). Factors influencing recruitment of hatchery reared pearl oyster (Pinctada mazatlanica, Hanley 1856) spat. Journal of Shellfish Research, 24(1), 215-219.
• Savun-Hekimoğlu, B., & Gazioğlu, C. (2021). Mucilage problem in the semi-enclosed seas: recent outbreak in the Sea of Marmara. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 8(4), 402-413. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.955739
• Schiaparelli, S., Castellano, M., Povero, P., Sartoni, G., & Cattaneo-Vietti, R. (2007). A benthic mucilage event in North‐Western Mediterranean Sea and its possible relationships with the summer 2003 European heatwave: short term effects on littoral rocky assemblages. Marine Ecology, 28(3), 341-353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00155.x
• Simide, R., Couvray, S., & Vicente, N. (2019). Présence de Pinna nobilis (L. 1758) dans l’étang littoral de Diana (Corse). [Presence of Pinna nobilis (L.1758) in the littoral pond of Diana (Corsica)]. Marine Life, 2019, 1-4.
• Soria, G., Lavín, M. F., & Cudney-Bueno, R. (2015). Spat availability of commercial bivalve species recruited on artificial collectors from the northern Gulf of California. Seasonal changes in species composition. Aquaculture Research, 46(12), 2829-2840. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12435
• Tebble, N. (1966). British Bivalve Seashells A Hand Book Identification, Trustees of The British Museum, London.
• Theodorou, J. A., James, R., Tzοvenis, I., & Hellio, C. (2015). The recruitment of the endangered fan mussel (Pinna nobilis L.1758) on the ropes of a Mediterranean mussel long line farm. Journal Shellfish Research, 34(2), 409-414. https://doi.org/10.2983/035.034.0224
• Sergio, T., & Vicente, N., (2016). Protocole pour la transplantation des nacres Pinna nobilis dans divers substrats. [Transplantation protocol for the fan mussel Pinna nobilis in different types of substrate]. Marine Life, 18, 55-61
• Trigos, S., García-March, J. R., Vicente, N., Tena, J., & Torres, J. (2014). Utilization of muddy detritus as organic matter source by the fan mussel Pinna nobilis. Mediterranean Marine Science, 15(3), 667-67
• Trigos, S., Vicente, N., Prado, P., & Espinós, F. J. (2018). Adult spawning and early larval development of the endangered bivalve Pinna nobilis. Aquaculture, 483, 102-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.10.015
• Vázquez-Luis, M., Álvarez, E., Barrajón, A., García-March, J. R., Grau, A., Hendriks, I. E., Jiménez, S., Kersting, D., Moreno, D., Pérez, M., Ruiz, J. M., Sánchez, J., Villalba, A., & Deudero, S. (2017). S.O.S. Pinna nobilis: A mass mortality event in Western Mediterranean Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4, 220. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00220
• Velasco, L. A., & Barros, J. (2010). Spat collection and experimental culture of the Atlantic pearl oyster, Pinctada imbricata (Bivalvia: Pteriidae), under suspended conditions in the Caribbean. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 41(3), 281-297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2010.00371.x
• Velasco, L. A., & Borrero, F. J. (2004). Captacíon desemilla y cultivo experimental del hacha Pinna carnea Gmelin, 1971 (Bivalvia: Pinnidae) en el parquenatural Tayrona, Caribe Colombiano. [Seed collection and experimental culture of the pen shell Pinna carnea Gmelin, 1791 (Bivalvia: Pinnidae) in the Tayrona National Natural Park, Colombian Caribbean]. Revista Intropica, 1, 75-83.
• Vicente, N., & Moreteau, J.-C. (1991). Statut de Pinna nobilis L. en Méditerranée (Mollusque eulamellibranche) (pp. 159-168). In Boudouresque, C. F., Avon, M., Gravez, V. (Eds.), Les Espèces Marines à Protéger en Méditerranée. GIS Posidonie Publishing.
• Vicente, N., Moreteau, J. C., & Escoubet, P. (1980). Etude de l’évolution d’une population de Pinna nobilis L. (mollusque eulamellibranche) au large de l’anse de la Palud (Parc National sous-marin de Port-Cros). Travaux Scientifiques du Parc National de Port-Cros, 6, 39-67.
• Wang, C., Qi, L., Xu, C., & Yu, R. (2017). Seasonal changes of reproductive activity and biochemical composition of pen shell Atrina pectinata Linnaeus, 1767 in Bohai Sea China. Oceanic and Coastal Sea Research, 16, 479-489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-017-3212-0
• Wu, R. S. S., & Shin, P. K. S. (1998). Transplant experiments on growth and mortality of the fan mussel Pinna bicolor. Aquaculture, 163(1-2), 47-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00218-X
• Yang, Q., Li, Q., RH, Yu, Li, J. (2006) Artificial induction of gynogenesis in Atrina pectinata. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 13(2), 310–315
• Yiğitkurt, S., Lök, A., Kırtık, A., Küçükdermenci, A., & Kurtay, E. (2017). Preliminary results of spat collection of Rayed pearl oyster (Pinctada radiata) in Turkey. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 34(2), 11-218. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2017.34.2.13
• Yildiz, H., Lök, A., Acarlı, S., Serdar, S., Kucukdermenci, A., Berber, S., & Vural, P. (2013). Influences of different collector materials on Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis L. 1819 in the Dardanelles. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 2(1):23-35.
• Yildiz, H., Lök, A., Serdar, S., Acarlı, S., & Köse, A. (2005). Çanakkale Boğazında Yavru (Spat) Midyelerin (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) Yapay Kollektörlere Tutunma ve Büyüme Performansları. [Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) spat settlement and growth performances on artificial collectors in Dardanelles]. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 22(3-4), 257-261.
• Yonge, C. M. (1953). Form and Habit in Pinna carnea Gmelin. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 237(648), 335-374.
• Zavodnik, D., Hrs-Brenko, M., & Legac, M. (1991). Synopsis on the fan shell Pinna nobilis L. in the eastern Adriatic Sea (pp. 169-178). In: Boudouresque, C. F., Avon, M., & Gravez, V. (Eds.), Les Espèces Marines à Protéger en Méditerranée. GIS Posidonie Publishing.
• Zotou, M., Gkrantounis, P., Karadimou, E., Tsirintanis, K., Sini, M., Poursanidis, D., Azzolin, M., Dailianis, T., Kytinou, E., Issaris, Y., Gerakaris, V., Salomidi, M., Lardi, P., Ramfos, A., Akrivos, V., Spinos, E., Dimitriadis, C., Papageorgiou, D., Lattos, A., Giantsis, I., Michaelidis, B., Vassilopoulou, V., Miliou, A., & Katsanevakis, S. (2020). Pinna nobilis in the Greek seas (NE Mediterranean): on the brink of extinction?. Mediterranean Marine Science, 21(3), 575-591. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.23777