Research Article
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Unraveling the Link: Examining the Influence of Dollar Strength on Dirty Tanker Freight Rates

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 304 - 317

Havva Okudan Soytürk , Abdullah Açık

https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1549020

Abstract

This study explores the asymmetric relationship between the U.S. dollar index (DXY) and dirty tanker freight rates, a largely unexamined area within maritime economics despite the dollar’s profound influence on global oil prices and economic stability. Tanker shipping, the primary mode of transportation for global oil and a capital-intensive sector, plays a crucial role in oil supply chains. Given that oil prices are quoted in U.S. dollars, fluctuations in dollar strength directly impact oil costs, demand for tankers, and the operational costs of tanker shipping. This study employs an asymmetric model, recognizing that dollar value changes affect the tanker market differently depending on whether the dollar is strengthening or weakening. Findings reveal that decreases in the DXY drive up tanker freight rates, while increases do not correspondingly decrease rates, highlighting the unique non-linear dynamics between currency strength and freight costs. This asymmetric approach provides a more accurate framework for understanding these interactions than traditional linear models.

Keywords

Asymmetric causality test Baltic Dirty Tanker Index Dollar strength Freight rate

References

  • Alizadeh, A. H., & Nomikos, N. K. (2009). Shipping derivatives and risk management. (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230235809
  • Alomari, M., Mensi, W., Vo, X. V., & Kang, S. H. (2022). Extreme return spillovers and connectedness between crude oil and precious metals futures markets: Implications for portfolio management. Resources Policy, 79(C), 103113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103113
  • Baltic Exchange. (2024). Trusted data for tankers. Retrieved on September 12, 2024, from https://www.balticexchange.com/en/data-services/market-information0/tankers-services.html
  • Beckmann, J., & Czudaj, R. (2013). Oil prices and effective dollar exchange rates. International Review of Economics & Finance, 27(C), 621-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2012.12.002
  • Bertaut, C., Beschwitz, von B., & Curcuru, S. (2021). The International Role of the U.S. Dollar. FEDS Notes. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Retrieved on October 06, 2021, from https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2998
  • Boz, E., Gopinath, G., & Plagborg-Møller, M. (2017). Global Trade and the Dollar. IMF Working Paper, WP/17/239.
  • Chen, J. C., Rubin, E. A., & Cornwall, G. J. (2021). Data science for public policy. Springer Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71352-2
  • Chen, H., Liu, L., Wang, Y., & Zhu, Y. (2016). Oil price shocks and U.S. dollar exchange rates. Energy, 112, 1036-1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.07.012
  • Chen, S., Meersman, H., de Voorde, E. V., & Frouws, K. (2014). Modelling and forecasting in dry bulk shipping. Informa Law from Routledge.
  • Coles, R., & Watt, E. (2009). Ship registration: Law and practice (2nd ed.). Informa Law from Routledge.
  • Coudert, V., & Valérie M. (2016). Reassessing the empirical relationship between the oil price and the dollar. Energy Policy, 95(C), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.05.002
  • Das, P. (2019). Econometrics in theory and practice: Analysis of cross section, time series and panel data with Stata 15.1 (1st ed.). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9019-8
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057–1072. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912517
  • Druck, P., Magud, N. E., & Mariscal, R. (2018). Collateral damage: Dollar strength and emerging markets’ Growth. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 43, 97–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2017.10.007
  • Eguren Martin, F., Mukhopadhyay, M., & van Hombeeck, C. (2017). The global role of the US dollar and its consequences. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, Q4, 1-11.
  • Eichengreen, B., & Gupta, P. (2013). The real exchange rate and export growth: Are services different? World Bank Economic Review, 27(3), 386-412.
  • Enders, W. (2004). Applied Econometric Time Series (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Euromoney (2012). DXY index is flawed measure of US Dollar strength, research shows. Retrieved on December 13, 2024, from https://www.euromoney.com/article/b12kjm9lhbfsvs/dxy-index-is-flawed-measure-of-us-dollar-strength-research-shows
  • Farley, A. (2024). Understanding the correlation between oil and currency. Retrieved on September 12, 2024, from https://www.investopedia.com/articles/forex/092415/oil-currencies-understanding-their-correlation.asp#:~:text=Crude%20oil%20is%20quoted%20in,commodity%20receive%20payment%20in%20USD
  • FED (2014). Federal Reserve issues FOMC statement. Retrieved on September 12, 2024, from https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/monetary20141029a.htm
  • FED History (2024). The great recession and its aftermath. Retrieved on September 12, 2024, from https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/great-recession-and-its-aftermath
  • Goldberg, L. S., & Tille, C. (2008). Vehicle currency use in international trade. Journal of International Economics, 76(2), 177-192.
  • Gopinath, G., Boz, E., Casas, C., Díez, F. J., Gourinchas, P. O., & Plagborg-Møller, M. (2020). Dominant currency paradigm. American Economic Review, 110(3), 677-719.
  • Grammenos, C. (2010). The Handbook of Maritime Economics and Business (2nd ed.). Informa Law from Routledge.
  • Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral method. Econometrica, 37(3), 424-438. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912791
  • Hakkio, C. S. & Whittaker, J. G. (1985). The U. S. Dollar – Recent developments, outlook, and policy options. Economic Review, 70(September/October), 3-15.
  • Hamilton, J. D. (2009). Causes and consequences of the oil shock of 2007-08. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Spring 2009, pp. 215-261.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2012). Asymmetric causality tests with an application. Empirical Economics, 43, 447-456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-011-0484-x
  • He, Z., Chen, J., Zhou, F., Zhang, G., & Wen, F. (2022). Oil price uncertainty and the risk-return relation in stock markets: Evidence from oil-importing and oil-exporting countries. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 27(1), 1154-1172. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2206
  • ICE. (2024). U.S. Dollar index. Retrieved on September 12, 2024, from https://www.ice.com/publicdocs/ICE_USDX_Brochure.pdf
  • Investing.com. (2024). Baltic dirty tanker historical data. Retrieved on September 12, 2024, from https://www.investing.com/indices/baltic-dirty-tanker-historical-data
  • IRS (2024). When to file. Retrieved on September 12, 2024, from https://www.irs.gov/filing/individuals/when-to-file
  • Joo, K., Suh, J. H., Lee, D., & Ahn, K. (2020). Impact of the global financial crisis on the crude oil market. Energy Strategy Reviews, 30, 100516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100516
  • Karamperidis, S., Jackson, E., & Mangan, J. (2013). The use of indices in the maritime transport sector. Maritime Policy & Management, 40(4), 339-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2013.776182
  • Karatzas, B. M. (2016). Public debt markets for shipping. In: Kavussanos, M., & Visvikis, I. D. (Eds). The international handbook of shipping finance: Theory and practice (pp. 148-168). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Khan, K., Khurshid, A., & Cifuentes-Faura, J. (2023). Energy security analysis in a geopolitically volatile world: A causal study. Resources Policy, 83(June), 103673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103673
  • Kisswani, K. M., Harraf, A., & Kisswani, A. M. (2019). Revisiting the effects of oil prices on exchange rate: Asymmetric evidence from the ASEAN-5 countries. Economic Change and Restructuring, 52(3), 279-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-018-9229-6
  • Klein, M. W., & Rosengren, E. (1994). The real exchange rate and foreign direct investment in the United States: relative wealth vs. relative wage effects. Journal of international Economics, 36(3-4), 373-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(94)90009-4
  • Köse, Y. ve Yılmaz, E. (2022). Dolar Endeksi Uluslararası Bir Finansal Gösterge Olabilir Mi? Dünyada Önemli Borsa Endeksleri Üzerinde Ampirik İnceleme [Can the dollar index be an international financial indicator? empiric review on major market indices]. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 35, 85-96. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.930312
  • Lizardo, R. A., & Mollick, A. V. (2010). Oil price fluctuations and U.S. dollar exchange rates. Energy Economics, 32(2), 399-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2009.10.005
  • Lun, Y. H. V., Hilmola, O. P., Goulielmos, A. M., Lai, K. H., & Cheng, E. (2013). Oil transport management. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2921-9
  • Lyridis, D. V., & Papleonidas, C. (2019). Organization and management of tanker shipping companies. In Panayides, P. M. (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of maritime management (pp. 59-79). Routledge.
  • Marine Insight. (2020). Why the oil tanker business boomed during COVID-19 pandemic? Retrieved on September 12, 2024, from https://www.marineinsight.com/know-more/oil-tanker-business-boomed-during-covid-19-pandemic/
  • Mensi, W., Hernandez, J. A., Yoon, S. M., Vo, X. V., & Kang, S. H. (2021). Spillovers and connectedness between major precious metals and major currency markets: The role of frequency factor. International Review of Financial Analysis, 74, 101672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101672
  • MOL. (2020). Why the tanker market was boosted by COVID-19. Retrieved on September 12, 2024, from https://www.mol-service.com/blog/tanker-market-covid19
  • Nandi, B. K., Kabir, M. H., & Nandi, M. K. (2024). Crude oil price hikes and exchange rate volatility: A lesson from the Bangladesh economy. Resources Policy, 91, 104858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104858
  • Nguyen, T. T. T., Pham, S. D., Li, X. M., & Do, H. X. (2024). Does the US export inflation? Evidence from the dynamic inflation spillover between the US and EAGLEs. International Review of Economics & Finance, 94, 103427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2024.103427
  • Parboteeah, K. B., & Cullen, J. B. (2018). International Business: Perspectives from developed and emerging markets. Routledge, New York.
  • Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.335
  • Reboredo, J. C. (2013). Is gold a hedge or a safe haven against oil price movements? Resources Policy, 38(2), 130-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.02.003
  • Reboredo, J. C. (2012). Modelling oil price and exchange rate co-movements. Journal of Policy Modeling, 34(3), 419–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2011.10.005
  • Rodrigue, J. P., Comtois, C., & Slack, B. (2013) The geography of transport systems (3rd ed.). Routledge.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2000). The empirical relationship between energy futures prices and exchange rates. Energy Economics, 22(2), 253-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-9883(99)00027-4
  • Sari, R., Hammoudeh, S., & Soytas, U. (2010). Dynamics of oil price, precious metal prices, and exchange rate. Energy Economics, 32(2), 351-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2009.08.010
  • Stopford, M. (2009) Maritime economics (3rd ed). Routledge.
  • TradingView. (2024) U.S. Dollar index. Retrieved on September 12, 2024, from https://www.tradingview.com/symbols/TVC-DXY/
  • Tsolakis, S. (2005). Econometric analysis of bulk shipping markets: Implications for investment strategies and financial decision-making. [Ph.D. Thesis. Erasmus University].
  • Zhang, Y. J., & Wei, Y. M. (2010). The crude oil market and the gold market: Evidence for cointegration, causality and price discovery. Resources Policy, 35(3), 168-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2010.05.003

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 304 - 317

Havva Okudan Soytürk , Abdullah Açık

https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1549020

Abstract

References

  • Alizadeh, A. H., & Nomikos, N. K. (2009). Shipping derivatives and risk management. (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230235809
  • Alomari, M., Mensi, W., Vo, X. V., & Kang, S. H. (2022). Extreme return spillovers and connectedness between crude oil and precious metals futures markets: Implications for portfolio management. Resources Policy, 79(C), 103113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103113
  • Baltic Exchange. (2024). Trusted data for tankers. Retrieved on September 12, 2024, from https://www.balticexchange.com/en/data-services/market-information0/tankers-services.html
  • Beckmann, J., & Czudaj, R. (2013). Oil prices and effective dollar exchange rates. International Review of Economics & Finance, 27(C), 621-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2012.12.002
  • Bertaut, C., Beschwitz, von B., & Curcuru, S. (2021). The International Role of the U.S. Dollar. FEDS Notes. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Retrieved on October 06, 2021, from https://doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.2998
  • Boz, E., Gopinath, G., & Plagborg-Møller, M. (2017). Global Trade and the Dollar. IMF Working Paper, WP/17/239.
  • Chen, J. C., Rubin, E. A., & Cornwall, G. J. (2021). Data science for public policy. Springer Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71352-2
  • Chen, H., Liu, L., Wang, Y., & Zhu, Y. (2016). Oil price shocks and U.S. dollar exchange rates. Energy, 112, 1036-1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.07.012
  • Chen, S., Meersman, H., de Voorde, E. V., & Frouws, K. (2014). Modelling and forecasting in dry bulk shipping. Informa Law from Routledge.
  • Coles, R., & Watt, E. (2009). Ship registration: Law and practice (2nd ed.). Informa Law from Routledge.
  • Coudert, V., & Valérie M. (2016). Reassessing the empirical relationship between the oil price and the dollar. Energy Policy, 95(C), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.05.002
  • Das, P. (2019). Econometrics in theory and practice: Analysis of cross section, time series and panel data with Stata 15.1 (1st ed.). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9019-8
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057–1072. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912517
  • Druck, P., Magud, N. E., & Mariscal, R. (2018). Collateral damage: Dollar strength and emerging markets’ Growth. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 43, 97–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2017.10.007
  • Eguren Martin, F., Mukhopadhyay, M., & van Hombeeck, C. (2017). The global role of the US dollar and its consequences. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, Q4, 1-11.
  • Eichengreen, B., & Gupta, P. (2013). The real exchange rate and export growth: Are services different? World Bank Economic Review, 27(3), 386-412.
  • Enders, W. (2004). Applied Econometric Time Series (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Euromoney (2012). DXY index is flawed measure of US Dollar strength, research shows. Retrieved on December 13, 2024, from https://www.euromoney.com/article/b12kjm9lhbfsvs/dxy-index-is-flawed-measure-of-us-dollar-strength-research-shows
  • Farley, A. (2024). Understanding the correlation between oil and currency. Retrieved on September 12, 2024, from https://www.investopedia.com/articles/forex/092415/oil-currencies-understanding-their-correlation.asp#:~:text=Crude%20oil%20is%20quoted%20in,commodity%20receive%20payment%20in%20USD
  • FED (2014). Federal Reserve issues FOMC statement. Retrieved on September 12, 2024, from https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/monetary20141029a.htm
  • FED History (2024). The great recession and its aftermath. Retrieved on September 12, 2024, from https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/great-recession-and-its-aftermath
  • Goldberg, L. S., & Tille, C. (2008). Vehicle currency use in international trade. Journal of International Economics, 76(2), 177-192.
  • Gopinath, G., Boz, E., Casas, C., Díez, F. J., Gourinchas, P. O., & Plagborg-Møller, M. (2020). Dominant currency paradigm. American Economic Review, 110(3), 677-719.
  • Grammenos, C. (2010). The Handbook of Maritime Economics and Business (2nd ed.). Informa Law from Routledge.
  • Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral method. Econometrica, 37(3), 424-438. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912791
  • Hakkio, C. S. & Whittaker, J. G. (1985). The U. S. Dollar – Recent developments, outlook, and policy options. Economic Review, 70(September/October), 3-15.
  • Hamilton, J. D. (2009). Causes and consequences of the oil shock of 2007-08. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Spring 2009, pp. 215-261.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2012). Asymmetric causality tests with an application. Empirical Economics, 43, 447-456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-011-0484-x
  • He, Z., Chen, J., Zhou, F., Zhang, G., & Wen, F. (2022). Oil price uncertainty and the risk-return relation in stock markets: Evidence from oil-importing and oil-exporting countries. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 27(1), 1154-1172. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2206
  • ICE. (2024). U.S. Dollar index. Retrieved on September 12, 2024, from https://www.ice.com/publicdocs/ICE_USDX_Brochure.pdf
  • Investing.com. (2024). Baltic dirty tanker historical data. Retrieved on September 12, 2024, from https://www.investing.com/indices/baltic-dirty-tanker-historical-data
  • IRS (2024). When to file. Retrieved on September 12, 2024, from https://www.irs.gov/filing/individuals/when-to-file
  • Joo, K., Suh, J. H., Lee, D., & Ahn, K. (2020). Impact of the global financial crisis on the crude oil market. Energy Strategy Reviews, 30, 100516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100516
  • Karamperidis, S., Jackson, E., & Mangan, J. (2013). The use of indices in the maritime transport sector. Maritime Policy & Management, 40(4), 339-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2013.776182
  • Karatzas, B. M. (2016). Public debt markets for shipping. In: Kavussanos, M., & Visvikis, I. D. (Eds). The international handbook of shipping finance: Theory and practice (pp. 148-168). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Khan, K., Khurshid, A., & Cifuentes-Faura, J. (2023). Energy security analysis in a geopolitically volatile world: A causal study. Resources Policy, 83(June), 103673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103673
  • Kisswani, K. M., Harraf, A., & Kisswani, A. M. (2019). Revisiting the effects of oil prices on exchange rate: Asymmetric evidence from the ASEAN-5 countries. Economic Change and Restructuring, 52(3), 279-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-018-9229-6
  • Klein, M. W., & Rosengren, E. (1994). The real exchange rate and foreign direct investment in the United States: relative wealth vs. relative wage effects. Journal of international Economics, 36(3-4), 373-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(94)90009-4
  • Köse, Y. ve Yılmaz, E. (2022). Dolar Endeksi Uluslararası Bir Finansal Gösterge Olabilir Mi? Dünyada Önemli Borsa Endeksleri Üzerinde Ampirik İnceleme [Can the dollar index be an international financial indicator? empiric review on major market indices]. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 35, 85-96. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.930312
  • Lizardo, R. A., & Mollick, A. V. (2010). Oil price fluctuations and U.S. dollar exchange rates. Energy Economics, 32(2), 399-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2009.10.005
  • Lun, Y. H. V., Hilmola, O. P., Goulielmos, A. M., Lai, K. H., & Cheng, E. (2013). Oil transport management. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2921-9
  • Lyridis, D. V., & Papleonidas, C. (2019). Organization and management of tanker shipping companies. In Panayides, P. M. (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of maritime management (pp. 59-79). Routledge.
  • Marine Insight. (2020). Why the oil tanker business boomed during COVID-19 pandemic? Retrieved on September 12, 2024, from https://www.marineinsight.com/know-more/oil-tanker-business-boomed-during-covid-19-pandemic/
  • Mensi, W., Hernandez, J. A., Yoon, S. M., Vo, X. V., & Kang, S. H. (2021). Spillovers and connectedness between major precious metals and major currency markets: The role of frequency factor. International Review of Financial Analysis, 74, 101672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101672
  • MOL. (2020). Why the tanker market was boosted by COVID-19. Retrieved on September 12, 2024, from https://www.mol-service.com/blog/tanker-market-covid19
  • Nandi, B. K., Kabir, M. H., & Nandi, M. K. (2024). Crude oil price hikes and exchange rate volatility: A lesson from the Bangladesh economy. Resources Policy, 91, 104858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104858
  • Nguyen, T. T. T., Pham, S. D., Li, X. M., & Do, H. X. (2024). Does the US export inflation? Evidence from the dynamic inflation spillover between the US and EAGLEs. International Review of Economics & Finance, 94, 103427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2024.103427
  • Parboteeah, K. B., & Cullen, J. B. (2018). International Business: Perspectives from developed and emerging markets. Routledge, New York.
  • Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.335
  • Reboredo, J. C. (2013). Is gold a hedge or a safe haven against oil price movements? Resources Policy, 38(2), 130-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.02.003
  • Reboredo, J. C. (2012). Modelling oil price and exchange rate co-movements. Journal of Policy Modeling, 34(3), 419–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2011.10.005
  • Rodrigue, J. P., Comtois, C., & Slack, B. (2013) The geography of transport systems (3rd ed.). Routledge.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2000). The empirical relationship between energy futures prices and exchange rates. Energy Economics, 22(2), 253-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-9883(99)00027-4
  • Sari, R., Hammoudeh, S., & Soytas, U. (2010). Dynamics of oil price, precious metal prices, and exchange rate. Energy Economics, 32(2), 351-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2009.08.010
  • Stopford, M. (2009) Maritime economics (3rd ed). Routledge.
  • TradingView. (2024) U.S. Dollar index. Retrieved on September 12, 2024, from https://www.tradingview.com/symbols/TVC-DXY/
  • Tsolakis, S. (2005). Econometric analysis of bulk shipping markets: Implications for investment strategies and financial decision-making. [Ph.D. Thesis. Erasmus University].
  • Zhang, Y. J., & Wei, Y. M. (2010). The crude oil market and the gold market: Evidence for cointegration, causality and price discovery. Resources Policy, 35(3), 168-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2010.05.003
There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Maritime Transportation and Freight Services
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Havva Okudan Soytürk 0000-0002-3012-697X

Abdullah Açık 0000-0003-4542-9831

Early Pub Date December 16, 2024
Publication Date
Submission Date September 12, 2024
Acceptance Date December 13, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 13 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Okudan Soytürk, H., & Açık, A. (2024). Unraveling the Link: Examining the Influence of Dollar Strength on Dirty Tanker Freight Rates. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 13(4), 304-317. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1549020
AMA Okudan Soytürk H, Açık A. Unraveling the Link: Examining the Influence of Dollar Strength on Dirty Tanker Freight Rates. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. December 2024;13(4):304-317. doi:10.33714/masteb.1549020
Chicago Okudan Soytürk, Havva, and Abdullah Açık. “Unraveling the Link: Examining the Influence of Dollar Strength on Dirty Tanker Freight Rates”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 13, no. 4 (December 2024): 304-17. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1549020.
EndNote Okudan Soytürk H, Açık A (December 1, 2024) Unraveling the Link: Examining the Influence of Dollar Strength on Dirty Tanker Freight Rates. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 13 4 304–317.
IEEE H. Okudan Soytürk and A. Açık, “Unraveling the Link: Examining the Influence of Dollar Strength on Dirty Tanker Freight Rates”, Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 304–317, 2024, doi: 10.33714/masteb.1549020.
ISNAD Okudan Soytürk, Havva - Açık, Abdullah. “Unraveling the Link: Examining the Influence of Dollar Strength on Dirty Tanker Freight Rates”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 13/4 (December 2024), 304-317. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1549020.
JAMA Okudan Soytürk H, Açık A. Unraveling the Link: Examining the Influence of Dollar Strength on Dirty Tanker Freight Rates. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. 2024;13:304–317.
MLA Okudan Soytürk, Havva and Abdullah Açık. “Unraveling the Link: Examining the Influence of Dollar Strength on Dirty Tanker Freight Rates”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, vol. 13, no. 4, 2024, pp. 304-17, doi:10.33714/masteb.1549020.
Vancouver Okudan Soytürk H, Açık A. Unraveling the Link: Examining the Influence of Dollar Strength on Dirty Tanker Freight Rates. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. 2024;13(4):304-17.
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