Endodontide Dental Lazerler ve Uygulama Alanları
Year 2017,
Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 1 - 7, 01.04.2017
Emrah Çetin
Hicran Dönmez Özkan
Senem Gökçen
Yiğit Özer
Abstract
1971’de Weichman tarafından endodonti alanında ilk lazer uygulanmasının ardından, lazer teknolojisinin hızlı gelişimi ile yeni lazer cihazları ile ilgili çalışmalar hız kazanmıştır. Bu makalenin amacı, endodontide lazer uygulama alanlarıyla ilgili bilgileri güncellemek ve lazer cihazlarının avantaj ve kısıtlamaları hakkında bilgi vermektir
References
- 1. Myers TD. Lasers in dentistry. J J Am Dent Assoc 1991; 122: 46-
50.
- 2. Miller M, Truhe T. Lasers in dentistry; an overview. J Am Dent
Assoc 1993; 124: 32-5.
- 3. Anic I, Tachibana H, Maumoto K, Qi P. Permeability, morphologic
and temperature changes of canal dentine walls induced by Nd:
YAG, CO2 and Argon lasers. Int Endod J 1996; 29: 13-22.
- 4. American Academy of Periodontology. The American Academy
of Periodontology statement regarding gingival curettage. J
Periodontol 2002; 73: 1229-30.
- 5. Judy MM, Matthews JL, Aronoff BL, Hults DF. Soft tissue studies
with 805 nm diode laser radiation: thermal effects with contact
tips and comparison with effects of 1064 nm Nd: YAG laser
radiation. Lasers Surg Med 1993; 13: 528-36.
- 6. Anic I, Dzubur A, Vidovic D, Tudja M. Temperature and surface
changes of dentine and cementum induced by CO2 laser
exposure. Int Endod J 1993; 26: 284-93.
- 7. Zakariasen KL, Dederich DN. Dental Lasers and science. J Can
Dent Assoc 1991; 57: 570-3.
- 8. Gerschman JA, Ruben J, Gerbart-Eaglenont J. Low level laser
therapy for dentinat tooth hypersensitivity. Aust Dent J 1994;
39: 353-7.
- 9. Matsumoto K, Funai H, Shirasuka T, Wakabayashi H. Effects of
Nd:YAG-laser in treatment of cervical hypersensitive dentine.
Jpn J Conserv Dent 1985; 28: 760-5.
- 10. Rosenthal MW. Historic review of the management of tooth
hypersensitivity. Dent Clin North Am 1990; 34: 403-27.
- 11. Brännström M, Linden LA, Aström A. The hydrodynamics of
dental tubule and pulp fluid. Caries Res 1967; 1: 310-7.
- 12. Cohen SP, Burns RC. Pathways of the pulp. 8th Edition, Mosby,
2002: 36, 593.
- 13. Trushkowsky R, Oquendo A. Treatment of dentine
hypersensitivity. Dent Clin North Am 2011; 55: 599-608.
- 14. Kimura Y, Wilder-Smith P, Yonaga K, Matsumoto K. Treatment of
dentine hypersensitivity by lasers: a review. J Clin Periodontol
2000; 27: 715-21.
- 15. Matsumoto K, Kimura Y. Laser Therapy of Dentin Hypersensitivity.
J Oral Laser Application 2007; 7: 7-25.
- 16. Ladalardo TC, Pinheiro A, Campos RA, Brugnera Junior A, Zanin
F, Albernaz PL, et al. Laser therapy in the treatment of dentine
hypersensitivity. Braz Dent J 2004; 15: 144-50.
- 17. Moritz A, Gutknecht N, Schoop U, Goharkhay K, Ebrahim D,
Wernisch J, et al. The advantage of CO2- treated dental necks, in
comparison with a standard method: Results of an in vivo study.
J Clin Laser Med Surg 1996; 14: 27-32.
- 18. Lan WH, Liu HC. Sealing of human dentinal tubules by Nd:YAG
laser. Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine & Surgery 1995; 13: 329-
33.
- 19. Grag N, Grag A. Text book of endodontics. 1st Edition, 2007: 421.
- 20. Sgolastra F, Petrucci A, Gatto R, Monaco A. Effectiveness of laser
in dentinal hypersensitivity treatment: a systematic review. J
Endod 2011; 37: 297-303.
- 21. Orchardson R, Gillam DR. Managing dentin hypersensitivity. J
Am Dent Assoc 2006; 137: 990-8; quiz 1028-9.
- 22. Orchardson R, Gangarosa LP, Holland GR, Pashley DH, Trowbridge
HO, Ashley FP, et al. Dentine hypersensitivity into the 21st
century. Arch Oral Biol 1994; 39 (Suppl): 113S-9S.
- 23. Cohen S, Burns RC, eds. Pathways of the pulp. 8th ed. St. Louis:
Mosby; 2002.
- 24. Petersson K, Soderstrom C, Kiani-Anaraki M, Levy G. Evaluation
of the ability of thermal and electrical tests to register pulp
vitality. Endod Dent Traumatol 1999; 15: 127-31.
- 25. Radhakrishnan S, Munshi AK, Hegde AM. Pulse oximetry: a
diagnostic instrument in pulpal vitality testing. J Clin Pediatr
Dent 2002; 26: 141-5.
- 26. Noblett WC, Wilcox LR, Scamman F, Johnson WT, Diaz-Arnold A.
Detection of pulpal circulation in vitro by pulse oximetry. J Endod
1996; 22: 1-5.
- 27. Klein H. Pulp responses to an electric pulp stimulator in the
developing permanent anterior dentition. ASDC J Dent Child
1978; 45: 199-202.
- 28. Andreasen FM, Zhijie Y, Thomsen BL, Andersen PK. Occurrence
of pulp canal obliteration after luxation injuries in the permanent
dentition. Endod Dent Traumatol 1987; 3:103-15.
- 29. Andreasen FM. Histological and bacteriological study of pulps
extirpated after luxation injuries. Endod Dent Traumatol 1988; 4:
170-81.
- 30. Bhaskar SN, Rappaport HM. Dental vitality tests and pulp status.
J Am Dent Assoc 1973; 86: 409-11.
- 31. Chambers IG. The role and methods of pulp testing in oral
diagnosis: a review. Int Endod J 1982; 15: 1-15.
- 32. Sasano T, Onodera D, Hashimoto K, Iikubo M, Satoh-Kuriwada
S, Shoji N, et al. Possible application of transmitted laser light
for the assessment of human pulp vitality. Part 2. Increased
laser power for enhanced detection of pulpal blood flow. Dent
Traumatol 2005; 21: 37-41.
- 33. Rowe AH, Pitt Ford TR. The assessment of pulpal vitality. Int
Endod J 1990; 23: 77-83.
- 34. Nanci A, Ten Cate AR. Ten Cate’s Oral histology: development,
structure, and function. 6th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2003.
- 35. Edwall L, Kindlova M. The effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation
on the rate of disappearance of tracers from various oral tissues.
Acta Odontol Scand 1971; 29: 387-400.
- 36. Tonder KH, Aukland K. Blood flow in the dental pulp in dogs
measured by local H2 gas desaturation technique. Arch Oral Biol
1975; 20: 73-9.
37. Kim S. Regulation of pulpal blood flow. J Dent Res 1985; 64: 590-6.
- 38. Nissan R, Trope M, Zhang CD, Chance B. Dual wavelength
spectrophotometry as a diagnostic test of the pulp chamber
contents. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992; 74: 508-14.
- 39. Schnapp LM, Cohen NH. Pulse oximetry. Uses and abuses. Chest
1990; 98: 1244-50.
- 40. Schmitt JM, Webber RL, Walker EC. Optical determination of
dental pulp vitality. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1991; 38: 346-52.
- 41. Gopikrishna V, Tinagupta K, Kandaswamy D. Comparison of
electrical, thermal, and pulse oximetry methods for assessing
pulp vitality in recently traumatized teeth. J Endod 2007; 33:
531-5.
- 42. Gazelius B, Olgart L, Edwall B, Edwall L. Non-invasive recording of
blood flow in human dental pulp. Endod Dent Traumatol 1986;
2: 219-21.
- 43. Olgart L, Gazelius B, Lindh-Stromberg U. Laser Doppler
flowmetry in assessing vitality in luxated permanent teeth. Int
Endod J 1988; 21: 300-6.
- 44. Ingolfsson AE, Tronstad L, Riva CE. Reliability of laser Doppler
flowmetry in testing vitality of human teeth. Endod Dent
Traumatol 1994; 10: 185-7.
- 45. Yanpiset K, Vongsavan N, Sigurdsson A, Trope M. Efficacy of
laser Doppler flowmetry for the diagnosis of revascularization
of reimplanted immature dog teeth. Dent Traumatol 2001; 17:
63-70.
- 46. Pettersson H, Öberg PA. Pulp blood flow assessment in human
teeth by laser Doppler flowmetry. Lasers in Orthopedic, Dental,
and Veterinary Medicine. 1991; (SPIE)1424: 116-9.
- 47. Wilder-Smith PE. A new method for the non-invasive
measurement of pulpal blood flow. Int Endod J 1988; 21: 307-12.
- 48. Kimura Y, Wilder-Smith P, Matsumoto K. Lasers in endodontics: a
review. Int Endod J 2000; 33: 173-85.
- 49. Fogel HM, Pashley DH. Dentin permeability: effects of endodontic
procedure on root slabs. J Endod 1990; 16: 442-5.
- 50. Weichman JA, Johnson FM. Laser use in endodontics. A
preliminary investigation. Oral Surg 1971; 31: 416-20.
- 51. Pashley EL, Horner JA, Liu M, Kim S, Pashley DH. Effects of CO2
laser energy on dentin permeability. J Endod 1992; 18: 257-62.
- 52. Takeda FH, Harashima T, Kimura Y, Matsumoto K. Comparative
study about the removal of smear layer by three types of laser
devices. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1998; 16: 117-22.
- 53. Pecora JD, Brugnera-Junior A, Cussioli AL, Zanin F, Silva
R. Evaluation of dentin root canal permeability after
instrumentation and Er: YAG laser application. Lasers Surg Med
2000; 26: 277-81.
- 54. Schoop U, Moritz A, Kluger W, Patruta S, Goharkhay K, Sperr W,
et al. The Er:YAG laser in endodontics: results of an in vitro study.
Lasers Surg Med 2002; 30: 360-4.
- 55. Gordon W, Atabakhsh VA, Meza F, Doms A, Nissan R, Rizoiu I, et
al. The antimicrobial efficacy of the erbium, chromium: yttriumscandiumgallium-garnet
laser with radial emitting tips on root
canal dentin walls infected with Enterococcus faecalis. J Am Dent
Assoc 2007; 138: 992-1002.
- 56. Wang Q, Zhang C, Yin X. Evaluation of the bactericidal effect of
Er, Cr: YSGG, and Nd: YAG lasers in experimentally infected root
canals. J Endod 2007; 33: 830-2.
- 57. Coluzzi DJ. Fundamentals of dental lasers: science and
instruments. Dent Clin North Am 2004; 48: 751-70.
- 58. Seal GJ, Ng YL, Spratt D, Bhatti M, Gulabivala K. An in vitro
comparison of the bactericidal efficacy of lethal photo -
sensitization or sodium hyphochlorite irrigation on Streptococcus
intermedius biofilms in root canals. Int Endod J 2002; 35: 268-74.
- 59. George R, Meyers IA, Walsh LJ. Laser activation of endodontic
irrigants with improved conical laser fiber tips for removing
smear layer in the apical third of the root canal. J Endod 2008;
34: 1524-7.
- 60. Blanken J, De Moor RJ, Meire M, Verdaasdonk R. Laser induced
explosive vapor and cavitation resulting in effective irrigation
of the root canal. Part 1: a visualization study. Lasers Surg Med
2009; 41: 514-9.
- 61. De Groot SD, Verhaagen B, Versluis M, Wu MK, Wesselink PR,
van der Sluis LW. Laser-activated irrigation within root canals:
cleaning efficacy and flow visualization. Int Endod J 2009; 42:
1077-83.
- 62. De Moor RJ, Blanken J, Meire M, Verdaasdonk R. Laser induced
explosive vapor and cavitation resulting in effective irrigation of
the root canal. Part 2: evaluation of the efficacy. Lasers Surg Med
2009; 41: 520-3.
- 63. DiVito E, Peters OA, Olivi G. Effectiveness of the erbium: YAG
laser and new design radial and stripped tips in removing the
smear layer after root canal instrumentation. Lasers Med Sci
2012; 27: 273-80.
- 64. Basrani B. Irrigation in endodontic treatments. Alpha Omegan
2011; 104: 18-25.
- 65. Dostalova T, Jelinkova H, Housova D, Sulc J, Nemec M, Miyagi M, et
al. Diode-laser activated bleaching. Braz Dent J 2004; 15: SI3-8.
- 66. Sun G. The role of lasers in cosmetic dentistry. Dent Clin North
Am 2000; 44: 831-49.
- 67. Wetter NU, Barrose MC, Pelino JE. Dental bleaching efficacy with
diode laser and LED irradiation: an in vitro study. Lasers Surg
Med 2004; 35: 254-8.
- 68. Zhang C, Wang X, Kinoshita J, Zhao B, Toko T, Kimura Y, et al.
Effects of KTP laser irradiation, diode laser, and LED on tooth
bleaching: a comparative study. Photomed Laser Surg 2007; 25:
91-5.
Dental Lasers and Application Fields in Endodontics
Year 2017,
Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 1 - 7, 01.04.2017
Emrah Çetin
Hicran Dönmez Özkan
Senem Gökçen
Yiğit Özer
Abstract
Since the first laser application in endodontics by Weichman in 1971, search for new laser devices is being proposed with the rapid development of laser technology. The purpose of this article is to update the information on laser application fields in endodontics and give information regarding the advantages and limitations of the laser devices.
References
- 1. Myers TD. Lasers in dentistry. J J Am Dent Assoc 1991; 122: 46-
50.
- 2. Miller M, Truhe T. Lasers in dentistry; an overview. J Am Dent
Assoc 1993; 124: 32-5.
- 3. Anic I, Tachibana H, Maumoto K, Qi P. Permeability, morphologic
and temperature changes of canal dentine walls induced by Nd:
YAG, CO2 and Argon lasers. Int Endod J 1996; 29: 13-22.
- 4. American Academy of Periodontology. The American Academy
of Periodontology statement regarding gingival curettage. J
Periodontol 2002; 73: 1229-30.
- 5. Judy MM, Matthews JL, Aronoff BL, Hults DF. Soft tissue studies
with 805 nm diode laser radiation: thermal effects with contact
tips and comparison with effects of 1064 nm Nd: YAG laser
radiation. Lasers Surg Med 1993; 13: 528-36.
- 6. Anic I, Dzubur A, Vidovic D, Tudja M. Temperature and surface
changes of dentine and cementum induced by CO2 laser
exposure. Int Endod J 1993; 26: 284-93.
- 7. Zakariasen KL, Dederich DN. Dental Lasers and science. J Can
Dent Assoc 1991; 57: 570-3.
- 8. Gerschman JA, Ruben J, Gerbart-Eaglenont J. Low level laser
therapy for dentinat tooth hypersensitivity. Aust Dent J 1994;
39: 353-7.
- 9. Matsumoto K, Funai H, Shirasuka T, Wakabayashi H. Effects of
Nd:YAG-laser in treatment of cervical hypersensitive dentine.
Jpn J Conserv Dent 1985; 28: 760-5.
- 10. Rosenthal MW. Historic review of the management of tooth
hypersensitivity. Dent Clin North Am 1990; 34: 403-27.
- 11. Brännström M, Linden LA, Aström A. The hydrodynamics of
dental tubule and pulp fluid. Caries Res 1967; 1: 310-7.
- 12. Cohen SP, Burns RC. Pathways of the pulp. 8th Edition, Mosby,
2002: 36, 593.
- 13. Trushkowsky R, Oquendo A. Treatment of dentine
hypersensitivity. Dent Clin North Am 2011; 55: 599-608.
- 14. Kimura Y, Wilder-Smith P, Yonaga K, Matsumoto K. Treatment of
dentine hypersensitivity by lasers: a review. J Clin Periodontol
2000; 27: 715-21.
- 15. Matsumoto K, Kimura Y. Laser Therapy of Dentin Hypersensitivity.
J Oral Laser Application 2007; 7: 7-25.
- 16. Ladalardo TC, Pinheiro A, Campos RA, Brugnera Junior A, Zanin
F, Albernaz PL, et al. Laser therapy in the treatment of dentine
hypersensitivity. Braz Dent J 2004; 15: 144-50.
- 17. Moritz A, Gutknecht N, Schoop U, Goharkhay K, Ebrahim D,
Wernisch J, et al. The advantage of CO2- treated dental necks, in
comparison with a standard method: Results of an in vivo study.
J Clin Laser Med Surg 1996; 14: 27-32.
- 18. Lan WH, Liu HC. Sealing of human dentinal tubules by Nd:YAG
laser. Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine & Surgery 1995; 13: 329-
33.
- 19. Grag N, Grag A. Text book of endodontics. 1st Edition, 2007: 421.
- 20. Sgolastra F, Petrucci A, Gatto R, Monaco A. Effectiveness of laser
in dentinal hypersensitivity treatment: a systematic review. J
Endod 2011; 37: 297-303.
- 21. Orchardson R, Gillam DR. Managing dentin hypersensitivity. J
Am Dent Assoc 2006; 137: 990-8; quiz 1028-9.
- 22. Orchardson R, Gangarosa LP, Holland GR, Pashley DH, Trowbridge
HO, Ashley FP, et al. Dentine hypersensitivity into the 21st
century. Arch Oral Biol 1994; 39 (Suppl): 113S-9S.
- 23. Cohen S, Burns RC, eds. Pathways of the pulp. 8th ed. St. Louis:
Mosby; 2002.
- 24. Petersson K, Soderstrom C, Kiani-Anaraki M, Levy G. Evaluation
of the ability of thermal and electrical tests to register pulp
vitality. Endod Dent Traumatol 1999; 15: 127-31.
- 25. Radhakrishnan S, Munshi AK, Hegde AM. Pulse oximetry: a
diagnostic instrument in pulpal vitality testing. J Clin Pediatr
Dent 2002; 26: 141-5.
- 26. Noblett WC, Wilcox LR, Scamman F, Johnson WT, Diaz-Arnold A.
Detection of pulpal circulation in vitro by pulse oximetry. J Endod
1996; 22: 1-5.
- 27. Klein H. Pulp responses to an electric pulp stimulator in the
developing permanent anterior dentition. ASDC J Dent Child
1978; 45: 199-202.
- 28. Andreasen FM, Zhijie Y, Thomsen BL, Andersen PK. Occurrence
of pulp canal obliteration after luxation injuries in the permanent
dentition. Endod Dent Traumatol 1987; 3:103-15.
- 29. Andreasen FM. Histological and bacteriological study of pulps
extirpated after luxation injuries. Endod Dent Traumatol 1988; 4:
170-81.
- 30. Bhaskar SN, Rappaport HM. Dental vitality tests and pulp status.
J Am Dent Assoc 1973; 86: 409-11.
- 31. Chambers IG. The role and methods of pulp testing in oral
diagnosis: a review. Int Endod J 1982; 15: 1-15.
- 32. Sasano T, Onodera D, Hashimoto K, Iikubo M, Satoh-Kuriwada
S, Shoji N, et al. Possible application of transmitted laser light
for the assessment of human pulp vitality. Part 2. Increased
laser power for enhanced detection of pulpal blood flow. Dent
Traumatol 2005; 21: 37-41.
- 33. Rowe AH, Pitt Ford TR. The assessment of pulpal vitality. Int
Endod J 1990; 23: 77-83.
- 34. Nanci A, Ten Cate AR. Ten Cate’s Oral histology: development,
structure, and function. 6th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2003.
- 35. Edwall L, Kindlova M. The effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation
on the rate of disappearance of tracers from various oral tissues.
Acta Odontol Scand 1971; 29: 387-400.
- 36. Tonder KH, Aukland K. Blood flow in the dental pulp in dogs
measured by local H2 gas desaturation technique. Arch Oral Biol
1975; 20: 73-9.
37. Kim S. Regulation of pulpal blood flow. J Dent Res 1985; 64: 590-6.
- 38. Nissan R, Trope M, Zhang CD, Chance B. Dual wavelength
spectrophotometry as a diagnostic test of the pulp chamber
contents. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992; 74: 508-14.
- 39. Schnapp LM, Cohen NH. Pulse oximetry. Uses and abuses. Chest
1990; 98: 1244-50.
- 40. Schmitt JM, Webber RL, Walker EC. Optical determination of
dental pulp vitality. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1991; 38: 346-52.
- 41. Gopikrishna V, Tinagupta K, Kandaswamy D. Comparison of
electrical, thermal, and pulse oximetry methods for assessing
pulp vitality in recently traumatized teeth. J Endod 2007; 33:
531-5.
- 42. Gazelius B, Olgart L, Edwall B, Edwall L. Non-invasive recording of
blood flow in human dental pulp. Endod Dent Traumatol 1986;
2: 219-21.
- 43. Olgart L, Gazelius B, Lindh-Stromberg U. Laser Doppler
flowmetry in assessing vitality in luxated permanent teeth. Int
Endod J 1988; 21: 300-6.
- 44. Ingolfsson AE, Tronstad L, Riva CE. Reliability of laser Doppler
flowmetry in testing vitality of human teeth. Endod Dent
Traumatol 1994; 10: 185-7.
- 45. Yanpiset K, Vongsavan N, Sigurdsson A, Trope M. Efficacy of
laser Doppler flowmetry for the diagnosis of revascularization
of reimplanted immature dog teeth. Dent Traumatol 2001; 17:
63-70.
- 46. Pettersson H, Öberg PA. Pulp blood flow assessment in human
teeth by laser Doppler flowmetry. Lasers in Orthopedic, Dental,
and Veterinary Medicine. 1991; (SPIE)1424: 116-9.
- 47. Wilder-Smith PE. A new method for the non-invasive
measurement of pulpal blood flow. Int Endod J 1988; 21: 307-12.
- 48. Kimura Y, Wilder-Smith P, Matsumoto K. Lasers in endodontics: a
review. Int Endod J 2000; 33: 173-85.
- 49. Fogel HM, Pashley DH. Dentin permeability: effects of endodontic
procedure on root slabs. J Endod 1990; 16: 442-5.
- 50. Weichman JA, Johnson FM. Laser use in endodontics. A
preliminary investigation. Oral Surg 1971; 31: 416-20.
- 51. Pashley EL, Horner JA, Liu M, Kim S, Pashley DH. Effects of CO2
laser energy on dentin permeability. J Endod 1992; 18: 257-62.
- 52. Takeda FH, Harashima T, Kimura Y, Matsumoto K. Comparative
study about the removal of smear layer by three types of laser
devices. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1998; 16: 117-22.
- 53. Pecora JD, Brugnera-Junior A, Cussioli AL, Zanin F, Silva
R. Evaluation of dentin root canal permeability after
instrumentation and Er: YAG laser application. Lasers Surg Med
2000; 26: 277-81.
- 54. Schoop U, Moritz A, Kluger W, Patruta S, Goharkhay K, Sperr W,
et al. The Er:YAG laser in endodontics: results of an in vitro study.
Lasers Surg Med 2002; 30: 360-4.
- 55. Gordon W, Atabakhsh VA, Meza F, Doms A, Nissan R, Rizoiu I, et
al. The antimicrobial efficacy of the erbium, chromium: yttriumscandiumgallium-garnet
laser with radial emitting tips on root
canal dentin walls infected with Enterococcus faecalis. J Am Dent
Assoc 2007; 138: 992-1002.
- 56. Wang Q, Zhang C, Yin X. Evaluation of the bactericidal effect of
Er, Cr: YSGG, and Nd: YAG lasers in experimentally infected root
canals. J Endod 2007; 33: 830-2.
- 57. Coluzzi DJ. Fundamentals of dental lasers: science and
instruments. Dent Clin North Am 2004; 48: 751-70.
- 58. Seal GJ, Ng YL, Spratt D, Bhatti M, Gulabivala K. An in vitro
comparison of the bactericidal efficacy of lethal photo -
sensitization or sodium hyphochlorite irrigation on Streptococcus
intermedius biofilms in root canals. Int Endod J 2002; 35: 268-74.
- 59. George R, Meyers IA, Walsh LJ. Laser activation of endodontic
irrigants with improved conical laser fiber tips for removing
smear layer in the apical third of the root canal. J Endod 2008;
34: 1524-7.
- 60. Blanken J, De Moor RJ, Meire M, Verdaasdonk R. Laser induced
explosive vapor and cavitation resulting in effective irrigation
of the root canal. Part 1: a visualization study. Lasers Surg Med
2009; 41: 514-9.
- 61. De Groot SD, Verhaagen B, Versluis M, Wu MK, Wesselink PR,
van der Sluis LW. Laser-activated irrigation within root canals:
cleaning efficacy and flow visualization. Int Endod J 2009; 42:
1077-83.
- 62. De Moor RJ, Blanken J, Meire M, Verdaasdonk R. Laser induced
explosive vapor and cavitation resulting in effective irrigation of
the root canal. Part 2: evaluation of the efficacy. Lasers Surg Med
2009; 41: 520-3.
- 63. DiVito E, Peters OA, Olivi G. Effectiveness of the erbium: YAG
laser and new design radial and stripped tips in removing the
smear layer after root canal instrumentation. Lasers Med Sci
2012; 27: 273-80.
- 64. Basrani B. Irrigation in endodontic treatments. Alpha Omegan
2011; 104: 18-25.
- 65. Dostalova T, Jelinkova H, Housova D, Sulc J, Nemec M, Miyagi M, et
al. Diode-laser activated bleaching. Braz Dent J 2004; 15: SI3-8.
- 66. Sun G. The role of lasers in cosmetic dentistry. Dent Clin North
Am 2000; 44: 831-49.
- 67. Wetter NU, Barrose MC, Pelino JE. Dental bleaching efficacy with
diode laser and LED irradiation: an in vitro study. Lasers Surg
Med 2004; 35: 254-8.
- 68. Zhang C, Wang X, Kinoshita J, Zhao B, Toko T, Kimura Y, et al.
Effects of KTP laser irradiation, diode laser, and LED on tooth
bleaching: a comparative study. Photomed Laser Surg 2007; 25:
91-5.