Effects of Electromagnetic Field (1.8/0.9 GHz) Exposure on Spleen in Rats

Öz

Aim: To evaluate potential effects of whole-body 900 and 1800 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure on the rat spleen. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 9 Sprague–Dawley rats. Pregnant rats were assigned into 3 groups: 900 MHz EMF-exposure, 1800 MHz EMF-exposure and controls. Results: Under light microscope, myeloid series cells, erythrocytes and megakaryocytes were observed in all groups. In the red pulp, dilated sinusoids were observed in both 900 and 1800 prenatal 24-hour groups with more prominent findings in the 1800 prenatal 24-hour group. Fused white pulps were apparent in 900 group while there was increase in the irregular white pulps (varying in size) with destruction in the1800 group. Biochemical evaluation showed that spleenmalondialdehyde level was higher while glutathione level waslower in the 900 MHz-exposure and 1800 MHz-exposuregroups compared to controls (p<0.05 for both). Conclusion: Based on our results, it was concluded that EMF exposure at prenatal period led pathological changes in thespleenof pups. Again, it was revealed that it led oxidative stress through enhanced lipid oxidation and altered antioxidant defense systems. We also demonstrated that these effects were more evident as the level of EMF was increased from 900 MHz to 1800 MHz.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Electromagnetic field
• spleen
• rat model
• experimental animal models

Kaynakça

1. Deepinder F, Makker K, Agarwal A. Cell phones and male infertility: dissecting the relationship. Reprod Biomed Online. 2007;15:266-70.
2. Bozok S, Karaagac E, Sener D, et al. The effects of long-term prenatal exposure to 900, 1800, and 2100 MHz electromagnetic field radiation on myocardial tissue of rats. Toxicol Ind Health. 2023;39:1-9.
3. Yilmaz A, Tumkaya L, Akyildiz K, et al. Lasting hepatotoxic effects of prenatal mobile phone exposure. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;30:1355-9.
4. Bortkiewicz A. A study on the biological effects of exposure mobile-phone frequency EMF. Med Pr. 2001;52:101-6.
5. Yasser M, Randa MM, Belacy SH, et al. Effects of acute exposure to the radiofrequency fields of cellular phones on plasma lipid peroxide and antioxidase activities in human erythrocytes. J Pharma Biom Analysis. 2001;26:605-8.
6. Gye MC, Park CJ. Effect of electromagnetic field exposure on the reproductive system. Clin Exp Reprod Med. 2012;39:1-9.
7. Cleary SF, Liu LM, Merchant RE. In vitro lymphocyte proliferation induced by radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation under isothermal onditions. Biolectromagnetics. 1990;11:47-56.
8. French PW, Penny R, Laurence JA, McKenzie DR. Mobile phones, heat shock proteins and cancer. Differentiation. 2001;67:93-7.

9. Odacı E, Hancı H, Yuluğ E, et al. Effects of prenatal exposure to a 900MHz electromagnetic field on 60-day-old rat testis and epididymal sperm quality. Biotech Histochem. 2016;91:9-19.
10. Uttara B, Singh AV, Zamboni P, Mahajan RT. Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases: a review of upstream and downstream antioxidant therapeutic options. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2009;7:65-74.
11. Bulut M, Selek S, Gergerlioglu HS, et al. Malondialdehyde levels in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2007;32:435-8.
12. Koyu A, Cesur G, Özgüner F, et al. Effects of 900 MHz electromagnetic field on TSH and thyroid hormones in rats. Toxicol Lett. 2005;157:257-62.
13. Drapper HH, Hadley M. Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation. Meth Enzymol. 1990;186:421-31.
14. Ellman GL. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1959;82:70-7.
15. IEC TC106, International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee. Procedure to determine the Specifi c Absorption Rate (SAR) for hand-held mobile telephones in the frequency range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz. Committee Draft 106/24/CD, IEC 62209/200X, 2002;106.
16. IEEE SCC34, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Coordinating Committee. Recommended Practice for Determining the Peak Spatial-Average Specifi c Absorption Rate (SAR) in the Human Body Due to Wireless Communications Devices: Experimental Techniques. Draft CBD 1.0, IEEE Std P1528-200X. 2002;34.
17. Hossmann KA, Hermann DM. Effects of electromagnetic radiation of mobile phones on the central nervous system. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;24:49-62.
18. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Ayyildiz O, et al. Do cellular phones alter blood parameters and birth weight of rats?. Electromagn Biol Med. 2000;19:107-13.
19. Grigoryev Y. Biological effects of mobile phone electromagnetic field on chick embryo (Risk assessment using the mortality rate). Radiats. Biol Radioecol. 2003;43:541-3.
20. Mustafa A, Holladay SD, Goff M, et al. Developmental exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin alters postnatal T cell phenotypes and T cell function and exacerbates autoimmune lupus in 24-weekold SNF1 mice. Birth Def Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2009;85:828-36.
21. Yamamoto S, Win-Shwe TT, Yoshida Y, et al. Suppression of Th1- and Th2-type immune responses in infant mouse spleen after prenatal and postnatal exposure to low-level toluene and peptidoglycan. Inhal Toxicol. 2009;21:793-802.
22. Chagnaud JL, Veyret B. In vivo exposure of rats to GSM-modulated microwaves: flow cytometry analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations and of mitogen stimulation. Int J Radiat Biol. 1999;75:111-3.
23. Gatta L, Pinto R, Ubaldi V, et al. Effects of in vivo exposure to GSM modulated 900 MHz radiation on mouse peripheral lymphocytes. Radiat Res. 2003;160:600-5.
24. Kisaoglu A, Borekci B, Yapca OE, et al. Tissue damage and oxidant/antioxidant balance. Eurasian J Med. 2013;45:47-9.
25. Celi P, Gabai G. Oxidant/antioxidant balance in animal nutrition and health: the role of protein oxidation. Front Vet Sci. 2015;2:48.
26. Esmekaya MA, Ozer C, Seyhan N. 900 MHz pulse modulated radiofrequency radiation induces oxidative stress on heart, lung, testis and liver tissues. Gen Physiol Biophys. 2011;30:84-9.
27. Aydin B, Akar A. Effects of a 900-MHz electromagnetic field on oxidative stress parameters in rat lymphoid organs, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and plasma. Arch Med Res. 2011;42:261-7.
28. Hayes JD, Flanagan JU, Jowsey IR. Glutathione transferases. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005;45:51-8.